PN Level 1: Healthcare Consumer
Exam/320 questions and answers
Team - - A group of people with different skills and different tasks, who work
together on a common project, service, or goal, with a meshing of functions
and mutual support
- Open - - Anyone can participate, membership is anyone who wants to be,
ppl can come and go as they please
- Closed - - Defined membership with expectations for regular attendance
and time commitment. New members must "fit in"
- Homogeneous - - Each member has something specific in common with
other group members
- Heterogeneous - - Each member has a diversity of experiences in
problems: ppl vary in age, gender, backgrounds, culture
- Purpose - - The reason for having the group; why does it exist?
- Commitment - - "Ex. a course assignment group work vs participation in a
group standing up for something you believe it'.
- Leadership Style - - Ex. Democratic, authoritarian, laissez-faire.
- Decision Making Methods - - Depend on leadership style. Usually
everybody has some way of participating in a democratic process.
- Norms - - "Just understood" - everyone who's part of the group knows
them, and having them allows the group members to be comfortable and
familiar with how things will work - (unwritten rules) ex. things you say/don't
say, body language, where you sit at a table, etc.
- Cohesiveness - - a sense of "WE"ness - real bonds between members and
a true commitment to the group.
- Authoritarian - - Takes full responsibility for group direction / controls
group discussion. "Ex. Donald Trump"
- Democratic - - Active discussion / shared decision making / preserving
individual autonomy.
, - Laissez-faire - - Disengaged/minimally emotionally present/less productive
group
- Forming - - Group membership introductions, Trust & confidentiality,
Group goals, Leader role, General rules/expectations
- Storming - - Deeper understanding, Power & control issues arise, Testing
behaviours, Boundaries, communication styles, personal reactions
- Norming - - More spontaneous interactions, Sharing of leadership role
among members, Individual goals become aligned with group goals, Group
norms are established
- Performing - - Most of the group's work towards the goal is done in this
phase, Members feel validated, respected, cared for, Cohesiveness has
occurred
- Adjourning - - Termination phase, Ideally occurs when goals have been
met, Debrief - share feelings about one another, Provide suggestions for
future growth
- Group Think - - AKA extreme cohesiveness - phenomenon where people
tend to conform with group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to
errors in decision making.
- Task functions - - Initiating, Seeking information or opinion, Giving
information or opinion, Clarifying/elaborating, Summarizing, Consensus
taking.
- Maintenance functions - - Harmonizing, Gatekeeping, Encouraging,
Compromising, Setting standards
- Non-functional Roles - - Aggressor= criticizing, arguing with group,
Blocker= instantly rejects ideas, Joker= never takes anything serious,
disruptive, Avoider= whispers, daydreaming, not engaged, Self-confessor=
expresses non-related stuff, usually not on time, Recognition= constantly
seeking attention
- Value - - "a strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group
(such as nurses) believes to have merit"
- Belief - - Structure our understanding of reality, True & False, Easier to
verbalize
- Attitude - - Likes & Dislikes, More flexible, outer edge, Developed from
things that are familiar ex, childhood
, - Ethics - - " the study of the philosophical ideals of right and wrong
behavior based on what one thinks one ought (or ought not) to do", ".... are a
reflection of what matters most to people or professions"
- Values Clarification - - "...the process of appraising personal values", " ... a
process of personal reflection", Our values will change with age, time,
experience, and maturity, Results in- " ... greater self-awareness and
personal insight", "... become more sensitive to the values of others"
- Overt Values - - Explicitly communicated - anyone can see it Ex. mission
statement
- Covert Values - - Implied, but not in writing - NOT written out
- Definition of Health - - WHO Definition 1948: a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease and
infirmity (1948).
- WHO Definition 1986 - - Health encompasses "the ability to identify and to
realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the
environment. Health is therefore a resource for everyday life, not the
objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and
personal resources, as well as physical capabilities"
- Determinants of Health - - 1) Income and Social Status (Income
distribution), 2) Social Support Networks, 3) Education and Literacy, 4)
Employment and Working Conditions, 5) Physical Environments, 6) Biological
and Genetic Endowment, 7) Individual Health Practices and Coping Skills, 8)
Healthy Child Development (Early Life), 9) Health Services (Health Care
Services), 10) Gender, 11) Culture (immigrant Status, Race, Indigenous
Ancestry), 12) Social Environments (Social Safety Net, Social Security,
Disability)
- Dimensions of Wellness - - Spiritual, Emotional, Occupational,
Environmental, Social, Intellectual, Physical
- Illness - - (Subjective) The presence of a disease affecting the body or the
mind, OR the state of feeling unhealthy, even if no disease is present. A
person may feel ill as a result of tiredness, stress, or both.
- Disease - - (Objective) A disorder or medical condition affecting a system
or organ. The condition can be mental, physical, or genetic in origin and
refers to a deviation from how the body normally functions. A mental disease
(such as schizophrenia) has a biological or biochemical explanation and
results in behavioural or psychological alterations.
, - Disability - - A physical or mental incapacity differing from what is
perceived as normal function, Can result from an illness or accident or be
genetic in nature, Can be physical, sensory, cognitive, or intellectual, Caution
re-use of language → moved toward more sensitive terminology, People with
disabilities are entitled to the same rights & opportunities as all other
members of society
- Medical Model - - Health is the absence of disease, Focuses on diagnosis &
treatment rather than prevention, Does not consider social determinants of
health that can lead to disease or illness and maybe beyond individual
control
- Holistic Model - - Focuses on the positive aspects of individual health,
Strives for a state of health that encompasses the entire person, Recognizes
the impact of spirituality, lifestyle, economics, culture
- Wellness Model - - Incorporates both medical and holistic models, People
assume responsibility for their health, Make informed choices about lifestyle,
and self-imposed risk behaviours, People with disabilities may be healthy
depending on personal perception and functionality
- Population Health Promotion Model - - Health status results from individual
health practices & environmental factors, Healthy living is dependent on
access to social justice, equity, caring relationships, Society is responsible for
people's health so stakeholders must:,l Collaborate to address determinants
of health, Participate in politics, programs and policies, Understand the
integration of health care, protection and disease prevention in health
promotion
- Transtheoretical Model - - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation,
action, maintenance, termination plus relapse.
- Socio-ecological Model - - many levels of influence on health behaviour
(education, occupation, profession, social support, environment, public
policies). An ideal environment supports population health through political,
community action
- Protection Motivation Theory - - self-preservation motivates a person to
change their health behaviour. Fear of illness, physical decline, or even
death can encourage adaptive (or maladaptive) health behaviours and the
person's actions depending on how severe they perceive the threat to be.
- The Health Belief Model - - explains that people's beliefs about their
personal health & susceptibility to illness affect their health behaviour.
Culture and religion may influence these beliefs
Exam/320 questions and answers
Team - - A group of people with different skills and different tasks, who work
together on a common project, service, or goal, with a meshing of functions
and mutual support
- Open - - Anyone can participate, membership is anyone who wants to be,
ppl can come and go as they please
- Closed - - Defined membership with expectations for regular attendance
and time commitment. New members must "fit in"
- Homogeneous - - Each member has something specific in common with
other group members
- Heterogeneous - - Each member has a diversity of experiences in
problems: ppl vary in age, gender, backgrounds, culture
- Purpose - - The reason for having the group; why does it exist?
- Commitment - - "Ex. a course assignment group work vs participation in a
group standing up for something you believe it'.
- Leadership Style - - Ex. Democratic, authoritarian, laissez-faire.
- Decision Making Methods - - Depend on leadership style. Usually
everybody has some way of participating in a democratic process.
- Norms - - "Just understood" - everyone who's part of the group knows
them, and having them allows the group members to be comfortable and
familiar with how things will work - (unwritten rules) ex. things you say/don't
say, body language, where you sit at a table, etc.
- Cohesiveness - - a sense of "WE"ness - real bonds between members and
a true commitment to the group.
- Authoritarian - - Takes full responsibility for group direction / controls
group discussion. "Ex. Donald Trump"
- Democratic - - Active discussion / shared decision making / preserving
individual autonomy.
, - Laissez-faire - - Disengaged/minimally emotionally present/less productive
group
- Forming - - Group membership introductions, Trust & confidentiality,
Group goals, Leader role, General rules/expectations
- Storming - - Deeper understanding, Power & control issues arise, Testing
behaviours, Boundaries, communication styles, personal reactions
- Norming - - More spontaneous interactions, Sharing of leadership role
among members, Individual goals become aligned with group goals, Group
norms are established
- Performing - - Most of the group's work towards the goal is done in this
phase, Members feel validated, respected, cared for, Cohesiveness has
occurred
- Adjourning - - Termination phase, Ideally occurs when goals have been
met, Debrief - share feelings about one another, Provide suggestions for
future growth
- Group Think - - AKA extreme cohesiveness - phenomenon where people
tend to conform with group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to
errors in decision making.
- Task functions - - Initiating, Seeking information or opinion, Giving
information or opinion, Clarifying/elaborating, Summarizing, Consensus
taking.
- Maintenance functions - - Harmonizing, Gatekeeping, Encouraging,
Compromising, Setting standards
- Non-functional Roles - - Aggressor= criticizing, arguing with group,
Blocker= instantly rejects ideas, Joker= never takes anything serious,
disruptive, Avoider= whispers, daydreaming, not engaged, Self-confessor=
expresses non-related stuff, usually not on time, Recognition= constantly
seeking attention
- Value - - "a strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group
(such as nurses) believes to have merit"
- Belief - - Structure our understanding of reality, True & False, Easier to
verbalize
- Attitude - - Likes & Dislikes, More flexible, outer edge, Developed from
things that are familiar ex, childhood
, - Ethics - - " the study of the philosophical ideals of right and wrong
behavior based on what one thinks one ought (or ought not) to do", ".... are a
reflection of what matters most to people or professions"
- Values Clarification - - "...the process of appraising personal values", " ... a
process of personal reflection", Our values will change with age, time,
experience, and maturity, Results in- " ... greater self-awareness and
personal insight", "... become more sensitive to the values of others"
- Overt Values - - Explicitly communicated - anyone can see it Ex. mission
statement
- Covert Values - - Implied, but not in writing - NOT written out
- Definition of Health - - WHO Definition 1948: a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease and
infirmity (1948).
- WHO Definition 1986 - - Health encompasses "the ability to identify and to
realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the
environment. Health is therefore a resource for everyday life, not the
objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and
personal resources, as well as physical capabilities"
- Determinants of Health - - 1) Income and Social Status (Income
distribution), 2) Social Support Networks, 3) Education and Literacy, 4)
Employment and Working Conditions, 5) Physical Environments, 6) Biological
and Genetic Endowment, 7) Individual Health Practices and Coping Skills, 8)
Healthy Child Development (Early Life), 9) Health Services (Health Care
Services), 10) Gender, 11) Culture (immigrant Status, Race, Indigenous
Ancestry), 12) Social Environments (Social Safety Net, Social Security,
Disability)
- Dimensions of Wellness - - Spiritual, Emotional, Occupational,
Environmental, Social, Intellectual, Physical
- Illness - - (Subjective) The presence of a disease affecting the body or the
mind, OR the state of feeling unhealthy, even if no disease is present. A
person may feel ill as a result of tiredness, stress, or both.
- Disease - - (Objective) A disorder or medical condition affecting a system
or organ. The condition can be mental, physical, or genetic in origin and
refers to a deviation from how the body normally functions. A mental disease
(such as schizophrenia) has a biological or biochemical explanation and
results in behavioural or psychological alterations.
, - Disability - - A physical or mental incapacity differing from what is
perceived as normal function, Can result from an illness or accident or be
genetic in nature, Can be physical, sensory, cognitive, or intellectual, Caution
re-use of language → moved toward more sensitive terminology, People with
disabilities are entitled to the same rights & opportunities as all other
members of society
- Medical Model - - Health is the absence of disease, Focuses on diagnosis &
treatment rather than prevention, Does not consider social determinants of
health that can lead to disease or illness and maybe beyond individual
control
- Holistic Model - - Focuses on the positive aspects of individual health,
Strives for a state of health that encompasses the entire person, Recognizes
the impact of spirituality, lifestyle, economics, culture
- Wellness Model - - Incorporates both medical and holistic models, People
assume responsibility for their health, Make informed choices about lifestyle,
and self-imposed risk behaviours, People with disabilities may be healthy
depending on personal perception and functionality
- Population Health Promotion Model - - Health status results from individual
health practices & environmental factors, Healthy living is dependent on
access to social justice, equity, caring relationships, Society is responsible for
people's health so stakeholders must:,l Collaborate to address determinants
of health, Participate in politics, programs and policies, Understand the
integration of health care, protection and disease prevention in health
promotion
- Transtheoretical Model - - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation,
action, maintenance, termination plus relapse.
- Socio-ecological Model - - many levels of influence on health behaviour
(education, occupation, profession, social support, environment, public
policies). An ideal environment supports population health through political,
community action
- Protection Motivation Theory - - self-preservation motivates a person to
change their health behaviour. Fear of illness, physical decline, or even
death can encourage adaptive (or maladaptive) health behaviours and the
person's actions depending on how severe they perceive the threat to be.
- The Health Belief Model - - explains that people's beliefs about their
personal health & susceptibility to illness affect their health behaviour.
Culture and religion may influence these beliefs
