©EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024-2025 September 14, 2024 12:27 PM
Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam
Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Glycolysis - Answer✔️✔️-Splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate, no oxygen required, occurs
in the cytoplasm. Yields 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with 2 pyruvate, ends with CO2 and high energy
electrons (NADH and FADH2) Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the mitochondria; matrix
Electron Transport Chain - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with high energy electrons from NADH
and FADH2. 2 electrons are needed to move the H+ to the inter membrane space. ATP
synthase rotated and converts ADP to ATP. Creates 34 ATP molecules
Anaerobic - Answer✔️✔️-Without oxygen
Aerobic - Answer✔️✔️-With oxygen
Phosphagen System - Answer✔️✔️-provides phosphate from ADP to become ATP and
creatine is created. ATP loses a phosphate to create ADP with creatine kinases and
creates phosphcreatine.
Alcohol Fermentation - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with pyretic acid and yields alcohol and co2...
does not occur in human cells and occurs in the cytoplasm of bacteria. Created 2 ATP
with no oxygen
Lactate Fermentation - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with Pyruvate and ends with lactate, Yields 2
ATP occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not need oxygen.
Page 1 of 7
, ©EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024-2025 September 14, 2024 12:27 PM
Helicase - Answer✔️✔️-are enzymes that bind nucleic acid protein complexes. _______
are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into
single strands allowing each strand to be copied.
Primase - Answer✔️✔️-is an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called
primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Ligase - Answer✔️✔️-an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by
catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Okazaki fragments - Answer✔️✔️-are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are
formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary
to the lagging strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections.
DNA Polymerase - Answer✔️✔️-are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling
nucleotides. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs
to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule
Interphase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Cell is usually in this phase. This phase is the period
of growth. At the end of this phase, DNA is replicated. Nucleolus is present and the
nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. Daughter centrioles begin to form.
Prophase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Centrioles begin to move to opposite sides of the cell,
and the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve. DNA condenses into short, thick rods
called chromatids (pairs)
2 chromatids held together by a centromere. Spindle fibers appear and the nuclear
membrane and nucleolus are gone.
Metaphase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Chromatid pairs line up in the middle of the cell
Page 2 of 7
Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam
Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Glycolysis - Answer✔️✔️-Splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate, no oxygen required, occurs
in the cytoplasm. Yields 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with 2 pyruvate, ends with CO2 and high energy
electrons (NADH and FADH2) Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the mitochondria; matrix
Electron Transport Chain - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with high energy electrons from NADH
and FADH2. 2 electrons are needed to move the H+ to the inter membrane space. ATP
synthase rotated and converts ADP to ATP. Creates 34 ATP molecules
Anaerobic - Answer✔️✔️-Without oxygen
Aerobic - Answer✔️✔️-With oxygen
Phosphagen System - Answer✔️✔️-provides phosphate from ADP to become ATP and
creatine is created. ATP loses a phosphate to create ADP with creatine kinases and
creates phosphcreatine.
Alcohol Fermentation - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with pyretic acid and yields alcohol and co2...
does not occur in human cells and occurs in the cytoplasm of bacteria. Created 2 ATP
with no oxygen
Lactate Fermentation - Answer✔️✔️-Starts with Pyruvate and ends with lactate, Yields 2
ATP occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not need oxygen.
Page 1 of 7
, ©EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024-2025 September 14, 2024 12:27 PM
Helicase - Answer✔️✔️-are enzymes that bind nucleic acid protein complexes. _______
are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into
single strands allowing each strand to be copied.
Primase - Answer✔️✔️-is an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called
primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Ligase - Answer✔️✔️-an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by
catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Okazaki fragments - Answer✔️✔️-are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are
formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary
to the lagging strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections.
DNA Polymerase - Answer✔️✔️-are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling
nucleotides. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs
to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule
Interphase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Cell is usually in this phase. This phase is the period
of growth. At the end of this phase, DNA is replicated. Nucleolus is present and the
nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. Daughter centrioles begin to form.
Prophase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Centrioles begin to move to opposite sides of the cell,
and the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve. DNA condenses into short, thick rods
called chromatids (pairs)
2 chromatids held together by a centromere. Spindle fibers appear and the nuclear
membrane and nucleolus are gone.
Metaphase (mitosis) - Answer✔️✔️-Chromatid pairs line up in the middle of the cell
Page 2 of 7
