Test Bank For Polit & Beck Canadian Essentials of Nursing
Research 4th Edition by Kevin Woo
Blinding - ANSWER: If information about the study will be withheld form data
collectors, study participants or other to minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity - ANSWER: Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent
variable is causing the outcome.
What are the threats to internal validity - ANSWER: Selection Bias, History,
Maturation, Mortality, Testing and Instrumentation
History Threat - ANSWER: Occurrence of events concurrent with the independent
variable that can affect the outcome.
Maturation Threat - ANSWER: Arises from processes occurring as a result of time
rather than the independent variable.
Selection Threat - ANSWER: Reflects biases stemming from pre-existing differences
between groups
Mortality Threat - ANSWER: Threat that arises from attrition in groups being
compared. If different kinds of people remain in the study in one group verses
another then theses differences could account the change in the outcomes rather
than the independent variable.
Statistical Power - ANSWER: The capacity the detect true relationships
Statistical Conclusion validity - ANSWER: The degree to which interference about
relationships from a statistical analysis of the data are correct. ( Type II error- usually
due to too small sample size)
External validity - ANSWER: Concerns inferences about whether relationships found
for study participants might hold true for different people and settings. Critical to
EBP
Constructs Validity - ANSWER: Involves inferences form the particulars of the study
to the higher order constructs they are intended to represent.
Retrospective Design - ANSWER: Collecting data about an outcome in the present
and then looking back in time for a possible cause.
Retrospective Design - ANSWER: Also called a Ex Post Facto
, A design often used epidemiological studies ( case control is an example) - ANSWER:
Retrospective Design
Studies that are typically expensive, time consuming and subject to the risk of
attrition ( loss of participants over time) but yield valuable information over time
related phenomena - ANSWER: Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies - ANSWER: Data collection at tow or more times over an
extended period.
Cross-Sectional Design - ANSWER: Collection of data at one time period.
Non experimental, one group, one point in time, captures stages of a condition that
occur over time but at as a snap shot. - ANSWER: Cross-Sectional Desgin
Cohort Comparison - ANSWER: Non-Experimental, same point in time, multi groups
Experimental Design - ANSWER: Provides the best evidence to claim cause-effect
relationship, includes pre/posttest to indicate a point in time data collection
What are the essential comments of an Experimental Design - ANSWER:
Randomization, Control, Manipulation
Quasi-Experiments - ANSWER: Involves an intervention but lacks a comparison group
or randomization. (Trials without randomization)
What are the three commonly used Quasi Experiments - ANSWER: nonequivalent
control group pre/posttest, Time Series, and Pre-experimental designs.
Describing, explaining and predicting can be used for the purpose of what design -
ANSWER: non-experimental
Descriptive Design - ANSWER: Exploratory, comparative and uses surveys for self
report about attitudes, perceptions and behaviors.
Attrition - ANSWER: The loss of participants over the course of a study, which can
create bias by changing the characteristics of the sample from those of the sample
initially drawn.
Effect - ANSWER: conceptualizing a counterfactual, which is what would happen to
people if they were exposed to a causal influence and were simultaneously not
exposed. The difference between what actually did happen and what would happen.
Randomized Controlled trials (RCT) - ANSWER: Best possible design for illuminating
casual relationships, but not always possible to use.
Research 4th Edition by Kevin Woo
Blinding - ANSWER: If information about the study will be withheld form data
collectors, study participants or other to minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity - ANSWER: Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent
variable is causing the outcome.
What are the threats to internal validity - ANSWER: Selection Bias, History,
Maturation, Mortality, Testing and Instrumentation
History Threat - ANSWER: Occurrence of events concurrent with the independent
variable that can affect the outcome.
Maturation Threat - ANSWER: Arises from processes occurring as a result of time
rather than the independent variable.
Selection Threat - ANSWER: Reflects biases stemming from pre-existing differences
between groups
Mortality Threat - ANSWER: Threat that arises from attrition in groups being
compared. If different kinds of people remain in the study in one group verses
another then theses differences could account the change in the outcomes rather
than the independent variable.
Statistical Power - ANSWER: The capacity the detect true relationships
Statistical Conclusion validity - ANSWER: The degree to which interference about
relationships from a statistical analysis of the data are correct. ( Type II error- usually
due to too small sample size)
External validity - ANSWER: Concerns inferences about whether relationships found
for study participants might hold true for different people and settings. Critical to
EBP
Constructs Validity - ANSWER: Involves inferences form the particulars of the study
to the higher order constructs they are intended to represent.
Retrospective Design - ANSWER: Collecting data about an outcome in the present
and then looking back in time for a possible cause.
Retrospective Design - ANSWER: Also called a Ex Post Facto
, A design often used epidemiological studies ( case control is an example) - ANSWER:
Retrospective Design
Studies that are typically expensive, time consuming and subject to the risk of
attrition ( loss of participants over time) but yield valuable information over time
related phenomena - ANSWER: Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies - ANSWER: Data collection at tow or more times over an
extended period.
Cross-Sectional Design - ANSWER: Collection of data at one time period.
Non experimental, one group, one point in time, captures stages of a condition that
occur over time but at as a snap shot. - ANSWER: Cross-Sectional Desgin
Cohort Comparison - ANSWER: Non-Experimental, same point in time, multi groups
Experimental Design - ANSWER: Provides the best evidence to claim cause-effect
relationship, includes pre/posttest to indicate a point in time data collection
What are the essential comments of an Experimental Design - ANSWER:
Randomization, Control, Manipulation
Quasi-Experiments - ANSWER: Involves an intervention but lacks a comparison group
or randomization. (Trials without randomization)
What are the three commonly used Quasi Experiments - ANSWER: nonequivalent
control group pre/posttest, Time Series, and Pre-experimental designs.
Describing, explaining and predicting can be used for the purpose of what design -
ANSWER: non-experimental
Descriptive Design - ANSWER: Exploratory, comparative and uses surveys for self
report about attitudes, perceptions and behaviors.
Attrition - ANSWER: The loss of participants over the course of a study, which can
create bias by changing the characteristics of the sample from those of the sample
initially drawn.
Effect - ANSWER: conceptualizing a counterfactual, which is what would happen to
people if they were exposed to a causal influence and were simultaneously not
exposed. The difference between what actually did happen and what would happen.
Randomized Controlled trials (RCT) - ANSWER: Best possible design for illuminating
casual relationships, but not always possible to use.
