AP Biology Midterm Review Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Biology Midterm Review Study Guide with Complete Solutions Dehydration - Answer️️ -connecting monomers together by the removal of water Hydrolysis - Answer️️ -disassembling polymers by the addition of water Disaccharides - Answer️️ -glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose Polysaccharides - Answer️️ -Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure) *Lipids - Answer️️ -hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains Fats - Answer️️ -consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink) Phospholipids - Answer️️ -consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic Protein structure and organization - Answer️️ -composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular) ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 Protein functions (8) - Answer️️ -1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins *Nucleic Acids - Answer️️ -DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins Nuclear Envelope - Answer️️ -double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER Chromatin - Answer️️ -uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division Nucleolus - Answer️️ -nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these Rough ER - Answer️️ -covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes Smooth ER - Answer️️ -metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons) Golgi - Answer️️ -stores, transports, and secretes cell products Cytoskeleton - Answer️️ -supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products Centrosomes (2 centrioles) - Answer️️ -only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division Lysosomes - Answer️️ -only in animal cells, digestive organelles Flagella - Answer️️ -only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 Extracellular Matrix - Answer️️ -only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell Central Vacuole - Answer️️ -only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells) Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic - Answer️️ -nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids Phospholipid Bilayer - Answer️️ -tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied Passive trasport - Answer️️ -movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins) Active transport - Answer️️ -movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium- potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) Membrane Potential - Answer️️ -voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from hi