MIBO 3500 Final UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
millimeter (mm) - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-3
micrometer (um) - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-6
nanometer - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-9
Microbes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen
by the unaided eye
Robert Hooke - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ made first compound microscope, coined the
term "cell"
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ built single-lens magnifier, first to
observe single-felled microbes
Francesco Redi - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ meat and maggots research, disproved theory
that microbes spontaneously generated
Lazzaro Spallanzani - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ also disproved the spontaneous
generation theory, used broth covered and uncovered
Louis Pasteur - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ proposed the germ theory of disease, idea that
the transmission of microbes is what causes disease, also used Swan neck flasks and broth to
disprove spontaneous generation
germ theory of disease - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ idea that infectious diseases are
caused by microorganisms, important features: transmission, pure culture, colonies
,Robert Koch - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Father of microbiology, four postulates to
establish link between specific microbe and a disease
Koch's first postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microorganism must be present in
every case of the disease and absent from healthy organisms
Koch's Second Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microbe must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
Koch's Third Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Same disease must result when
organism is inoculated in healthy host
Koch's Fourth Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Same microorganism must be
isolated from 2nd diseases host
Limitations of Koch's Postulates - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Some have immunity, some
illnesses have multiple causes/strains, and, since you can't inoculate humans, a disease that
only affects humans would be difficult to test
Lady Montagu - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Introduces smallpox inoculation in 1717
Edward Jenner - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Smallpox vaccine (furthers Lady Montagu's
work)
Florence Nightingale - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Used medical statistics to demonstrate
the significance of mortality due to disease during the Crimean War
Alexander Fleming - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ discovered penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Purified penicillin
Sergei Winogradsky - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Discovered lithotrophs, developed
enrichment cultures, and built the Winogradsky column
,Detection - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ The ability to determine the presence of an object
Magnification - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ An increase in the apparent size of an image
Resolution - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects
as separate
light microscope - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -bright-field
-dark field
-phase contrast
-fluorescence
compound microscope - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ A light microscope that has more than
one lens
bright-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Ocular lens (10x), condenser,
objective lens, total magnification is equal to the product of the ocular lens magnification
times the objective lens, can see microbes but can't tell much about sample
Limitations of bright-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -0.2 um between
objects is best a bright-field microscope can resolve
-staining can kill cells
-refraction reduces resolving power (immersion oil as a remedy)
-LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN COLOR INTENSITY BETWEEN SAMPLE AND
BACKGROUND for low contrast
dark-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microbes visualized as halos of bright
light against darkness
Allows detection of narrow cells (.1 um) unresolved in bright-field with a good contrasting
image
, Limitations of dark-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -dust particles can be
mistaken as objects
-light shines at an oblique angle
-only light scattered by sample reaches objective
phase-contrast microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Allows refractive differences in
cell components to be transformed into differences in light intensity (allows you to see
internal components)
Fluorescence microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ For specimens with added dye or
naturally photosynthetic microbes
Fluorophores - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Chemical compounds that absorb/emit light of
specific wavelengths; can be a dye or protein
Fixation - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Heat and chemicals retain morphology but inactivate
enzymes
basic dyes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Positively charged
- examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin
- often used in the surface of a cell
RED after staining
acidic dyes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Negatively charged
- examples: eosin, rose bengal
- used on positively charged samples
BLUE after staining
simple staining - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ color added to specimen
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
millimeter (mm) - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-3
micrometer (um) - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-6
nanometer - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ 10^-9
Microbes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen
by the unaided eye
Robert Hooke - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ made first compound microscope, coined the
term "cell"
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ built single-lens magnifier, first to
observe single-felled microbes
Francesco Redi - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ meat and maggots research, disproved theory
that microbes spontaneously generated
Lazzaro Spallanzani - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ also disproved the spontaneous
generation theory, used broth covered and uncovered
Louis Pasteur - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ proposed the germ theory of disease, idea that
the transmission of microbes is what causes disease, also used Swan neck flasks and broth to
disprove spontaneous generation
germ theory of disease - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ idea that infectious diseases are
caused by microorganisms, important features: transmission, pure culture, colonies
,Robert Koch - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Father of microbiology, four postulates to
establish link between specific microbe and a disease
Koch's first postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microorganism must be present in
every case of the disease and absent from healthy organisms
Koch's Second Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microbe must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
Koch's Third Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Same disease must result when
organism is inoculated in healthy host
Koch's Fourth Postulate - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Same microorganism must be
isolated from 2nd diseases host
Limitations of Koch's Postulates - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Some have immunity, some
illnesses have multiple causes/strains, and, since you can't inoculate humans, a disease that
only affects humans would be difficult to test
Lady Montagu - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Introduces smallpox inoculation in 1717
Edward Jenner - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Smallpox vaccine (furthers Lady Montagu's
work)
Florence Nightingale - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Used medical statistics to demonstrate
the significance of mortality due to disease during the Crimean War
Alexander Fleming - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ discovered penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Purified penicillin
Sergei Winogradsky - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Discovered lithotrophs, developed
enrichment cultures, and built the Winogradsky column
,Detection - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ The ability to determine the presence of an object
Magnification - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ An increase in the apparent size of an image
Resolution - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects
as separate
light microscope - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -bright-field
-dark field
-phase contrast
-fluorescence
compound microscope - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ A light microscope that has more than
one lens
bright-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Ocular lens (10x), condenser,
objective lens, total magnification is equal to the product of the ocular lens magnification
times the objective lens, can see microbes but can't tell much about sample
Limitations of bright-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -0.2 um between
objects is best a bright-field microscope can resolve
-staining can kill cells
-refraction reduces resolving power (immersion oil as a remedy)
-LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN COLOR INTENSITY BETWEEN SAMPLE AND
BACKGROUND for low contrast
dark-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Microbes visualized as halos of bright
light against darkness
Allows detection of narrow cells (.1 um) unresolved in bright-field with a good contrasting
image
, Limitations of dark-field microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ -dust particles can be
mistaken as objects
-light shines at an oblique angle
-only light scattered by sample reaches objective
phase-contrast microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Allows refractive differences in
cell components to be transformed into differences in light intensity (allows you to see
internal components)
Fluorescence microscopy - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ For specimens with added dye or
naturally photosynthetic microbes
Fluorophores - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Chemical compounds that absorb/emit light of
specific wavelengths; can be a dye or protein
Fixation - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Heat and chemicals retain morphology but inactivate
enzymes
basic dyes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Positively charged
- examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin
- often used in the surface of a cell
RED after staining
acidic dyes - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ Negatively charged
- examples: eosin, rose bengal
- used on positively charged samples
BLUE after staining
simple staining - CORREC6T ANSWER✔✔✔ color added to specimen
