Biology Exam Preparation Summary 1 Klementa Abela
Characteristics of Living Things - Summary
Chapter 1
MOvement - organisms move (ex. Muscles controlled by nerves in humans)
Respiration - production of energy (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy)
Sensitivity - responds to different stimuli
Growth - increase in mass and volume
Reproduction - prevention of extinction
Excretion - removes products left from chemical reactions (ex. Urea in urine)
Nutrition - needed for energy, growth and replacement
Chapter 2
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Functions of :
Cell membrane - holds cell together, controls what enters and leaves
Cell wall - strengthens and protects the cell / permeable
Nucleus - controls cell division / determines shape, size, and function of cell
Cytoplasm - Contains various organelles and other structures
Mitochondria - Respiration occurs
Chloroplasts - Photosynthesis
Permanent vacuole - maintains shape of cell / contains cell sap
Starch grains - carbohydrates food store
Glycogen granules - carbohydrates food store
1
, Biology Exam Preparation Summary 1 Klementa Abela
Cell specialisations :
Nerve Cell
-> extend from cell to connect with other neurons
-> long axon to carry impulse to organ
Red blood Cell
-> thin outer membrane, allows O2 to diffuse easily
-> more space for haemoglobin
↳red substance carries O2
Biconcave surface -> for a large surface area to allow more O2 to be absorbed
White blood Cell - EngulfsBacteria
Muscles Cell - needed for movement
2
Characteristics of Living Things - Summary
Chapter 1
MOvement - organisms move (ex. Muscles controlled by nerves in humans)
Respiration - production of energy (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy)
Sensitivity - responds to different stimuli
Growth - increase in mass and volume
Reproduction - prevention of extinction
Excretion - removes products left from chemical reactions (ex. Urea in urine)
Nutrition - needed for energy, growth and replacement
Chapter 2
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Functions of :
Cell membrane - holds cell together, controls what enters and leaves
Cell wall - strengthens and protects the cell / permeable
Nucleus - controls cell division / determines shape, size, and function of cell
Cytoplasm - Contains various organelles and other structures
Mitochondria - Respiration occurs
Chloroplasts - Photosynthesis
Permanent vacuole - maintains shape of cell / contains cell sap
Starch grains - carbohydrates food store
Glycogen granules - carbohydrates food store
1
, Biology Exam Preparation Summary 1 Klementa Abela
Cell specialisations :
Nerve Cell
-> extend from cell to connect with other neurons
-> long axon to carry impulse to organ
Red blood Cell
-> thin outer membrane, allows O2 to diffuse easily
-> more space for haemoglobin
↳red substance carries O2
Biconcave surface -> for a large surface area to allow more O2 to be absorbed
White blood Cell - EngulfsBacteria
Muscles Cell - needed for movement
2
