PYC1501 UNIT 3 - Cognition: Thinking, Reasoning and Problem-Solving Q AND A

PYC1501 UNIT 3 - Cognition: Thinking, Reasoning and Problem-Solving Q AND A Cognition - ANSWERS refers to the mental processes that take place inside a person's mind in terms of thinking, reasoning, perceptions and so on Mental Image - ANSWERS is a representation that stands in for an object or event in the mind and has picture-like quality Concepts - ANSWERS are the categories of objects, events or ideas that have common properties shared by the members of that category Formal concepts - ANSWERS the concepts that are defined by specific rules or features Natural concepts - ANSWERS the concepts that are not clearly defined by a set of rules Prototype - ANSWERS is a member of the natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristic features Proposition - ANSWERS A mental representation that expresses a relationship between the concepts Schemas - ANSWERS a schema is a set of propositions that are often closely associated with each other and they form more complex mental representations Scripts - ANSWERS these are schemas about familiar activities, they include the actions we take to perform specific activities Reasoning - ANSWERS refers to the process through which we generate and evaluate arguments, as well as reach conclusions about them Formal (logical) reasoning - ANSWERS a process of following a set of rigorous procedures to reach valid conclusions Deductive reasoning - ANSWERS which involves reasoning from the general to the specific Informal reasoning - ANSWERS it occurs when we try to assess the believability of a conclusion based on the evidence available to support it Inductive reasoning - ANSWERS involves reasoning from the specific to the general Critical reasoning - ANSWERS this type of reasoning involves thinking reflectively, productively and evaluating evidence Fallacies - ANSWERS are errors in thinking processes that use irrelevant premises to support a conclusion Problem-solving - ANSWERS is an attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available Decision making - ANSWERS is a process of identifying alternative courses of action and choosing the best option Trial - and - error method - ANSWERS is a process of trying one solution after another until finding the one that works Algorithms - ANSWERS are a learned set of rules that always leads to the correct solution of a problem Heuristic (rule of thumb) method - ANSWERS is an educated guess based on prior experience that helps narrow down the possible solutions to a problem Representative heuristic - ANSWERS used for categorising objects and simply assumes that any object or person that shares characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category Availability heuristic - ANSWERS is based on our estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples Incubation - ANSWERS sometimes, taking a break from a problem and revisiting it later would give insight into other possible solutions that you may have previously overlooked Analogy - ANSWERS this involves finding similarities between a problem you are facing currently and others you have encountered in the past Insight - ANSWERS insight is not a strategy that people consciously engage in to solve a problem, it is a sudden mental reorganisation of a problem that makes the solution obvious Grammar - ANSWERS is the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language Phoneme - ANSWERS a phoneme is the basic unit of sound in a language that affects the meaning of speech Morpheme - ANSWERS is the smallest unit of language that has meaning Syntax - ANSWERS is a system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences Semantics - ANSWERS are rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences Pragmatic - ANSWERS the pragmatic of a language has to do with the practical aspects of communicating with others