Begrippenlijst Social Psychology part 2
Norms and conformity
social norms impliciet/expliciet rules that govern the generally accepted way
of thinking, behaviors, values and beliefs that most people in the
group agree and endorse right and proper
attitudes represent an individual's positive or negative evaluation
injunctive norms rules about how people are supposed to behave
descriptive norm how people actually behave
social roles shared expectations by group members about how particular
people or sub groups in the group are supposed to behave
societal-value perspective Belonging; group cohesion/social identity
functional perspective mastery: survival
integrative perspective manifestation of norms will differ by culture
group polarization tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those
made by individuals
dynamic social impact theory individuals influence each other primarily through interactions,
leading to clusters of like minded people (Dorm study)
echochambering
the minimal group paradigm
conformity how we react (thoughts, feelings and behavior) to the group
norms; depends on culture and situation
normative social influence confirm so we are liked and accepted by others (surviving)
reference group persons that people accept as an appropriate source of
information for a judgment because they share the attributes
relevant for making the judgment
public compliance/conformity doing what others are doing
private acceptance/conformity genuinely believe that copied thoughts, beliefs and actions are
correct and should be copied
fear of repercussion Example; Asch’s line study
pluralistic ignorance infer people’s injunctive norms and beliefs from observing them;
everyone publicly complies without private acceptance but then
thinks everyone else privately accepts the norm.
informational social influence confirming to others behavior due to the belief that others
interpretation of ambiguous situation is correct (sherif's
, research; autokinetic phenomenon)
groupthink faulty decisions groups make because consensus is prioritized
over correctness
Irving Janis model of groupthink Antecedents conditions → motivation → groupthink →
defective decision making
Preventing groupthink
tight cultures vs loose cultures strong expectations of loyalty to social norms vs. fewer
expectations of conformity and more tolerance for new forms of
behavior
False consensus effect we have a tendency to overestimate other’s agreement with our
own opinions, characteristics and behavior
consensus as a heuristic when people process superficially they rely on this. Which
provides a short cut to the position that people believe to be
correct and appropriate
Consensus without consideration unthinking reliance on consensus; stealth marketing
consensus without independence contamination; we think we can trust the consensus since
multiple individuals considered the evidence and came to the
same conclusion
homogeneity effect we have a tendency to see the outgroup as all quite similar to
each other, while we can distinguish the ingroup differences
much more and valid
consensus without acceptance public conformity; reflects people’s recognition that
groups can both reward and punish their members →
pluralistic ignorance
Norms and behavior
why follow social norms threat of exclusion and acceptance and identification
norm activation direct reminders/surroundings and context/salience and social
comparison
crowd psychology People in a crowd change from rational, thoughtful individuals
into impulsive, unreasonable and extreme followers who fail
under the ‘law of the mental unity of crowds’.
de-individualization reduction of impact on internal norms and values, reduction in
self-awareness
Stanford prison experiment testing the psychological effects of authority and powerlessness
in a prison environment which was critical because of the
influence by social norms of the environment, personality and
expectations of the researcher.
Social heuristic are simple decision making strategies that guide people's
, behavior and decisions in the social environment when time,
information, or cognitive resources are scarce
Social proof correcting injunctive norm misperceptions motivates behavior
change.
reciprocity it is so powerful that we do not even need to ask for it or like the
person; the door in the face technique
The door in the face technique in which rejecting an unreasonable large request makes
accepting a subsequent smaller request more likely
social commitment Trust; as a general rule social interaction is facilitated when
commitment is followed by consistent behavior; low balling
Low balling a proposal is not what it seems like, acceptance of the first
proposal but increases the cost of honoring the commitment.
Based on commitment and consensus.
social commitment and reciprocity members of collectivist cultures are more sensitive to the norm
and more likely to reciprocate or gift or favor and see social
commitment as moral imperative (less likely to offer free food)
social influence obedience to authority; the shared view that people should obey
to those with legitimate authority
Milgram study study on sensory and social deprivation; the results depend on
obedience rate based on if the controllable individual was
looking as a experimenter and ‘the experiment requires you to
continue vs. you have no choice and must go on’
agentic state one where individuals enter a state where they are blindly
obedient and focuses narrowly on the execution of the task itself
social deprivation the reduction/prevention of the culturally normal interaction
between an individual and the rest
moral disengagement argues that people are more likely to engage in morally
reprehensible behavior when they do not feel personally
responsible for their actions
social identity theory the participant is most likely to identify with the experimenter at
the start of the study, but only if this identification is called
throughout the study
Obedience to authority 1. perceived legitimacy of authority
2. norm of obedience must be accessible
3. authority must accept responsibility
4. and/or participant must identify with authority and goal
reactance the motive to protect/restore a threatened sense of behavioral
freedom
Norms and conformity
social norms impliciet/expliciet rules that govern the generally accepted way
of thinking, behaviors, values and beliefs that most people in the
group agree and endorse right and proper
attitudes represent an individual's positive or negative evaluation
injunctive norms rules about how people are supposed to behave
descriptive norm how people actually behave
social roles shared expectations by group members about how particular
people or sub groups in the group are supposed to behave
societal-value perspective Belonging; group cohesion/social identity
functional perspective mastery: survival
integrative perspective manifestation of norms will differ by culture
group polarization tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those
made by individuals
dynamic social impact theory individuals influence each other primarily through interactions,
leading to clusters of like minded people (Dorm study)
echochambering
the minimal group paradigm
conformity how we react (thoughts, feelings and behavior) to the group
norms; depends on culture and situation
normative social influence confirm so we are liked and accepted by others (surviving)
reference group persons that people accept as an appropriate source of
information for a judgment because they share the attributes
relevant for making the judgment
public compliance/conformity doing what others are doing
private acceptance/conformity genuinely believe that copied thoughts, beliefs and actions are
correct and should be copied
fear of repercussion Example; Asch’s line study
pluralistic ignorance infer people’s injunctive norms and beliefs from observing them;
everyone publicly complies without private acceptance but then
thinks everyone else privately accepts the norm.
informational social influence confirming to others behavior due to the belief that others
interpretation of ambiguous situation is correct (sherif's
, research; autokinetic phenomenon)
groupthink faulty decisions groups make because consensus is prioritized
over correctness
Irving Janis model of groupthink Antecedents conditions → motivation → groupthink →
defective decision making
Preventing groupthink
tight cultures vs loose cultures strong expectations of loyalty to social norms vs. fewer
expectations of conformity and more tolerance for new forms of
behavior
False consensus effect we have a tendency to overestimate other’s agreement with our
own opinions, characteristics and behavior
consensus as a heuristic when people process superficially they rely on this. Which
provides a short cut to the position that people believe to be
correct and appropriate
Consensus without consideration unthinking reliance on consensus; stealth marketing
consensus without independence contamination; we think we can trust the consensus since
multiple individuals considered the evidence and came to the
same conclusion
homogeneity effect we have a tendency to see the outgroup as all quite similar to
each other, while we can distinguish the ingroup differences
much more and valid
consensus without acceptance public conformity; reflects people’s recognition that
groups can both reward and punish their members →
pluralistic ignorance
Norms and behavior
why follow social norms threat of exclusion and acceptance and identification
norm activation direct reminders/surroundings and context/salience and social
comparison
crowd psychology People in a crowd change from rational, thoughtful individuals
into impulsive, unreasonable and extreme followers who fail
under the ‘law of the mental unity of crowds’.
de-individualization reduction of impact on internal norms and values, reduction in
self-awareness
Stanford prison experiment testing the psychological effects of authority and powerlessness
in a prison environment which was critical because of the
influence by social norms of the environment, personality and
expectations of the researcher.
Social heuristic are simple decision making strategies that guide people's
, behavior and decisions in the social environment when time,
information, or cognitive resources are scarce
Social proof correcting injunctive norm misperceptions motivates behavior
change.
reciprocity it is so powerful that we do not even need to ask for it or like the
person; the door in the face technique
The door in the face technique in which rejecting an unreasonable large request makes
accepting a subsequent smaller request more likely
social commitment Trust; as a general rule social interaction is facilitated when
commitment is followed by consistent behavior; low balling
Low balling a proposal is not what it seems like, acceptance of the first
proposal but increases the cost of honoring the commitment.
Based on commitment and consensus.
social commitment and reciprocity members of collectivist cultures are more sensitive to the norm
and more likely to reciprocate or gift or favor and see social
commitment as moral imperative (less likely to offer free food)
social influence obedience to authority; the shared view that people should obey
to those with legitimate authority
Milgram study study on sensory and social deprivation; the results depend on
obedience rate based on if the controllable individual was
looking as a experimenter and ‘the experiment requires you to
continue vs. you have no choice and must go on’
agentic state one where individuals enter a state where they are blindly
obedient and focuses narrowly on the execution of the task itself
social deprivation the reduction/prevention of the culturally normal interaction
between an individual and the rest
moral disengagement argues that people are more likely to engage in morally
reprehensible behavior when they do not feel personally
responsible for their actions
social identity theory the participant is most likely to identify with the experimenter at
the start of the study, but only if this identification is called
throughout the study
Obedience to authority 1. perceived legitimacy of authority
2. norm of obedience must be accessible
3. authority must accept responsibility
4. and/or participant must identify with authority and goal
reactance the motive to protect/restore a threatened sense of behavioral
freedom
