PN 4003 SESSION 1 EXAM 2024-2025
List the three chemical substances that are components of body fluid.
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Name the two main fluid locations in the human body and 2 subdivisions.
Locations: 1) Intracellular - within cells
2) Extracellular - outside cells, between the cells (interstitial fluid) and in the
plasma (serum) portion of blood (intravascular fluid)
What is the most common fluid imbalance in older adults?
Dehydration
Reasoning: Older adults have reduced thirst sensation, use of diuretic meds,
laxatives, or enemas can deplete. Chronic fluid volume deficit can lead to
electrolyte embalances
What is the average fluid intake for a healthy adult?
2500 mL/day
can vary between 1800-3000 mL/day
How does fluid volume loss occur in the body?
Primarily through urination, but also through bowel elimination, perspiration and
breathing.
What are the 5 physiological processes by which water and dissolved chemicals are
relocated in the body?
1)Osmosis
,2) Filtration
3) Passive diffusion
4) Facilitated diffusion
5) Active transport
Osmosis is?
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane that allows some but not
all substances to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area.
Tonicity is?
Quantity (concentration) of substances dissolved in water
Osmotic pressure is?
The power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration
What are colloids?
Large-sized substances such as serum proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) and
blood cells that do not readily pass through cell and tissue membranes. They
contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water- a property
referred to as colloidal osmotic pressure.
What happens when solute concentration is higher within a cell?
Water is drawn through the membrane into the cell from the interstitial space until
the concentration becomes the same on both sides of the cell (isotonic)
What happens when the solute concentration is higher outside a cell (in the
interstitial space)?
Water is drawn from the cell into the interstitial space until the concentration
outside and inside becomes isotonic (equal on both sides of cell).
filtration is?
Promotes movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a
, semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences. Relocates water and
chemicals from area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. (Eg.- arterial
vs. venus end of capillaries, kidneys filtering 180L of fluid from the blood each day
and all but 1 to 1.5 L is reabsorbed).
What is Passive diffusion?
physiologic process by which dissolved substances (eg. electrolytes) move from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane. Remains static (unchanged) once equilibrium occurs.
What is facilitated diffusion?
process by which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier
molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane of higher concentration to
the other which has a lower concentration. (Eg: Glucose - its movement is
facilitated by insulin and glucose transport proteins (GLUT)
What is active transport?
The movement of dissolved chemicals from an area of lower concentration to
higher concentration. The opposite of passive difusion as it requires ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source. (eg- the sodium-potassium pump
system)
Name 3 mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte regulation
1) Osmoreceptors
2) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
3) Natriuretic Peptides
Osmoreceptors are?
Specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality (concentration of substances in
blood). When blood becomes overly concentrated, osmoreceptors stimulate the
hypothalamus to synthesize ADH, released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary
List the three chemical substances that are components of body fluid.
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Name the two main fluid locations in the human body and 2 subdivisions.
Locations: 1) Intracellular - within cells
2) Extracellular - outside cells, between the cells (interstitial fluid) and in the
plasma (serum) portion of blood (intravascular fluid)
What is the most common fluid imbalance in older adults?
Dehydration
Reasoning: Older adults have reduced thirst sensation, use of diuretic meds,
laxatives, or enemas can deplete. Chronic fluid volume deficit can lead to
electrolyte embalances
What is the average fluid intake for a healthy adult?
2500 mL/day
can vary between 1800-3000 mL/day
How does fluid volume loss occur in the body?
Primarily through urination, but also through bowel elimination, perspiration and
breathing.
What are the 5 physiological processes by which water and dissolved chemicals are
relocated in the body?
1)Osmosis
,2) Filtration
3) Passive diffusion
4) Facilitated diffusion
5) Active transport
Osmosis is?
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane that allows some but not
all substances to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area.
Tonicity is?
Quantity (concentration) of substances dissolved in water
Osmotic pressure is?
The power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration
What are colloids?
Large-sized substances such as serum proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) and
blood cells that do not readily pass through cell and tissue membranes. They
contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water- a property
referred to as colloidal osmotic pressure.
What happens when solute concentration is higher within a cell?
Water is drawn through the membrane into the cell from the interstitial space until
the concentration becomes the same on both sides of the cell (isotonic)
What happens when the solute concentration is higher outside a cell (in the
interstitial space)?
Water is drawn from the cell into the interstitial space until the concentration
outside and inside becomes isotonic (equal on both sides of cell).
filtration is?
Promotes movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a
, semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences. Relocates water and
chemicals from area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. (Eg.- arterial
vs. venus end of capillaries, kidneys filtering 180L of fluid from the blood each day
and all but 1 to 1.5 L is reabsorbed).
What is Passive diffusion?
physiologic process by which dissolved substances (eg. electrolytes) move from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane. Remains static (unchanged) once equilibrium occurs.
What is facilitated diffusion?
process by which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier
molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane of higher concentration to
the other which has a lower concentration. (Eg: Glucose - its movement is
facilitated by insulin and glucose transport proteins (GLUT)
What is active transport?
The movement of dissolved chemicals from an area of lower concentration to
higher concentration. The opposite of passive difusion as it requires ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source. (eg- the sodium-potassium pump
system)
Name 3 mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte regulation
1) Osmoreceptors
2) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
3) Natriuretic Peptides
Osmoreceptors are?
Specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality (concentration of substances in
blood). When blood becomes overly concentrated, osmoreceptors stimulate the
hypothalamus to synthesize ADH, released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary
