Sociology: a down to earth approach (13th edition) Ch. 1-7
1. (ch. 1) sociological perspective: understanding human behavior by placing
it within its broader social context
2. social location: the group memberships that people have because of their
location in history and society
3. social sciences: the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to
understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated
observations
4. common sense: things that "everyone knows" are true
5. Auguste Comte: credited as the founder of sociology analyzed the bases of
social order believed in scientific method didn't use it himself
6. Herbert Spencer: second founder
survival of the fittest
social darwinism
7. Karl Marx: class conflict
8. Jane Addams: worked on behalf of poor immigrants
9. continued tension: analyzing society vs working toward reform
10. globalization: the growing interconnections among nations due to the
expansion of capitalism
11. (ch. 2) culture shock: the disorientation people experience when they come
in contact with a fundamentally different culture and cannot depend on their
assumptions about life
12. ethnocentrism: using one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways
of other people and societies
usually leads to negative evaluation of their values, norms and behaviors 13.
gestures: the ways people use their bodies to communicate with each other
14. misunderstanding gestures/offensive gestures: gestures are not universal
15. positive sanction: a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging
from a smile to a material reward
16. moral holidays: when morals can be broken without serious repercussions
spring break
17. folkways: norms that are not strictly enforced
18. subculture: the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its
members from the larger culture a world within a world surfers, bodybuilders,
models
19. pluralistic society: a society made up of many different groups 20. value
contradiction: values that contradict one another following one causes
conflict with the other
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1. (ch. 1) sociological perspective: understanding human behavior by placing
it within its broader social context
2. social location: the group memberships that people have because of their
location in history and society
3. social sciences: the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to
understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated
observations
4. common sense: things that "everyone knows" are true
5. Auguste Comte: credited as the founder of sociology analyzed the bases of
social order believed in scientific method didn't use it himself
6. Herbert Spencer: second founder
survival of the fittest
social darwinism
7. Karl Marx: class conflict
8. Jane Addams: worked on behalf of poor immigrants
9. continued tension: analyzing society vs working toward reform
10. globalization: the growing interconnections among nations due to the
expansion of capitalism
11. (ch. 2) culture shock: the disorientation people experience when they come
in contact with a fundamentally different culture and cannot depend on their
assumptions about life
12. ethnocentrism: using one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways
of other people and societies
usually leads to negative evaluation of their values, norms and behaviors 13.
gestures: the ways people use their bodies to communicate with each other
14. misunderstanding gestures/offensive gestures: gestures are not universal
15. positive sanction: a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging
from a smile to a material reward
16. moral holidays: when morals can be broken without serious repercussions
spring break
17. folkways: norms that are not strictly enforced
18. subculture: the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its
members from the larger culture a world within a world surfers, bodybuilders,
models
19. pluralistic society: a society made up of many different groups 20. value
contradiction: values that contradict one another following one causes
conflict with the other
1/3
