TEST BANK For Ruppel’s Manual of Pulmonary Function
Testing 12th Edition By Mottram
what are the 3 major categories of respiratory system diseases? - ANSWER:1-
obstructive lung diseases
2-restrictive disorders
3-abnormalities of the vasculature
what of the lung diseases are more common? - ANSWER:obstructive lung diseases
obstructive lung diseases are primarily disorders of what? -
ANSWER:airways(asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis)
restrictive lungs diseases are a result of what? - ANSWER:restrictive
pathophysiology(parenchymal lung diseases, abnormalities of chest wall and pleura,
neuromuscular disease)
what are disorders of the pumonary vasculature? - ANSWER:pulmonary embolism,
pulmonary HTN, and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
what do pulmonary function tests(PFTs) include? - ANSWER:spirometry, spirometry
before and after bronchodilator, lung volumes, quantitation of diffusing lung
capacity for carbon monoxide(DLCO)
what is the initial PFT to get due to its availability at most clinics? -
ANSWER:spirometry
what does spirometry assess? - ANSWER:if flow is obstructive
what is spirometry a key diagnostic test in? - ANSWER:astma, COPD, and chronic
cough(to see if its due to asthma)
what all is spirometry useful in monitoring? - ANSWER:astma, COPD, interstitial lung
disease, neuromuscular diseases affecting respiratory muscles
spirometry is what kind of test? - ANSWER:an effort-dependent test
what does spirometry measure that is diagnostic of obstruction? -
ANSWER:diminished forced expiratory volume in 1 sec(FEV1)/forced vital
capacity(FVC)
what is the flow volume loop? - ANSWER:effort independent
what are some indications for PFTs? - ANSWER:1-diagnose pulmonary disease
,2-assess change in lung function 3-preoperative evaluation in reversible airway
disease(asthma) or COPD
4-monitor occupational lung exposures
5-evaluate severity of resp disease
6-evaluation of impairment or disability
7-evaluate effects of various drugs
when are flow-volume loops obtained? - ANSWER:when stridor is heard over neck,
and for evaluation of unexplained dyspnea
airway obstruction located in pharynx, larynx, or trachea(upper airways) are
impossible to detect usually with what maneuvers? - ANSWER:FVC
what do you use for upper airway obstruction evaluation? - ANSWER:Flow-Volume
loops
what is Total Lung Capacity(TLC)? - ANSWER:total volume of air contained in the
lungs
what is functional residual capacity(FRC)? - ANSWER:volume of air left at the end of
normal expiration
what is residual volume(RV)? - ANSWER:volume of air left in the lungs at the end of
forced expiration(amount of air that cannot be breathed out
what is vital capacity? - ANSWER:difference between the largest TLC and smallest RV
what is TLC determined by? - ANSWER:ability of the inspiratory pump(brain, nerves,
muscle) to expand chest wall and lungs
any breakdown of ability of the inspiratory pump to function will result in what? -
ANSWER:smaller TLC(restrictive lung disease)
what is an example of when the inspiratory pump isnt working quite right? -
ANSWER:neuromuscular disease, kyphoscoliosis
diseases which increase inward recoil of the lung(as in pulmonary fibrosis) will lead
to what? - ANSWER:a smaller TLC
what will result in an increased TLC? - ANSWER:reduction of inward
recoil(emphysema)
what determines the RV? - ANSWER:strength of expiratory muscles and
compressibility of the chest wall
what determines VC(vital capacity)? - ANSWER:variations between TLC and RV
, FRC is what kind of measurement? - ANSWER:not reliable measurement
where does most of the resistance to airflow in the respiratory system occur? -
ANSWER:in the first few divisions of airways
why is there less resistance to airflow in the more distal smaller airways? -
ANSWER:because there is far more cross sectional area
what reduces the resistance to airflow? - ANSWER:lung expansion(inspiration), so at
high lung volumes
airway resistance will increase when? - ANSWER:at low lung volumes
what other than lung volumes can increase airway resistance? - ANSWER:smooth
muscle constriction, secretions in airways, edema, loss of tethering to small
airways(emphysema)
what are obstructive lung diseases characterized by? - ANSWER:resistance to
expiratory flow
what four categories of info may be obtained from PFTs? - ANSWER:1-Lung volumes
2-Flow rates
3-Diffusing capacity
4-maximal inspiratory/expiratory pressures which measure strength of respiratory
muscles
what will a normal flow volume loop look like? - ANSWER:1-rapid rise to peak flow
rate in expiration phase
2-linear fall in flow at end of expiratory phase
3-symmetrical saddle shaped inspiratory curve
what will a fixed upper airway obstruction(can be intra or extrathoracic) look like on
flow-volume loop? - ANSWER:flow limitation and flatteninig in both inspiratory and
expiratory limbs
how to read a flow-volume loop? - ANSWER:start at left most point on the x axis this
will be breath out as hard as you can then furthest right point is when you take a big
breath in so top is expiratory and bottom is inspiratory limb
what will a variable(nonfixed) extrathoracic obstruction flow volume loop like? -
ANSWER:flow limitation and flattening on the inspiratory limb of the loop
what will a dynamic/variable intrathoracic obstruction flow volume loop look like? -
ANSWER:flow limitation and and flattening on expiratory limb
Testing 12th Edition By Mottram
what are the 3 major categories of respiratory system diseases? - ANSWER:1-
obstructive lung diseases
2-restrictive disorders
3-abnormalities of the vasculature
what of the lung diseases are more common? - ANSWER:obstructive lung diseases
obstructive lung diseases are primarily disorders of what? -
ANSWER:airways(asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis)
restrictive lungs diseases are a result of what? - ANSWER:restrictive
pathophysiology(parenchymal lung diseases, abnormalities of chest wall and pleura,
neuromuscular disease)
what are disorders of the pumonary vasculature? - ANSWER:pulmonary embolism,
pulmonary HTN, and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
what do pulmonary function tests(PFTs) include? - ANSWER:spirometry, spirometry
before and after bronchodilator, lung volumes, quantitation of diffusing lung
capacity for carbon monoxide(DLCO)
what is the initial PFT to get due to its availability at most clinics? -
ANSWER:spirometry
what does spirometry assess? - ANSWER:if flow is obstructive
what is spirometry a key diagnostic test in? - ANSWER:astma, COPD, and chronic
cough(to see if its due to asthma)
what all is spirometry useful in monitoring? - ANSWER:astma, COPD, interstitial lung
disease, neuromuscular diseases affecting respiratory muscles
spirometry is what kind of test? - ANSWER:an effort-dependent test
what does spirometry measure that is diagnostic of obstruction? -
ANSWER:diminished forced expiratory volume in 1 sec(FEV1)/forced vital
capacity(FVC)
what is the flow volume loop? - ANSWER:effort independent
what are some indications for PFTs? - ANSWER:1-diagnose pulmonary disease
,2-assess change in lung function 3-preoperative evaluation in reversible airway
disease(asthma) or COPD
4-monitor occupational lung exposures
5-evaluate severity of resp disease
6-evaluation of impairment or disability
7-evaluate effects of various drugs
when are flow-volume loops obtained? - ANSWER:when stridor is heard over neck,
and for evaluation of unexplained dyspnea
airway obstruction located in pharynx, larynx, or trachea(upper airways) are
impossible to detect usually with what maneuvers? - ANSWER:FVC
what do you use for upper airway obstruction evaluation? - ANSWER:Flow-Volume
loops
what is Total Lung Capacity(TLC)? - ANSWER:total volume of air contained in the
lungs
what is functional residual capacity(FRC)? - ANSWER:volume of air left at the end of
normal expiration
what is residual volume(RV)? - ANSWER:volume of air left in the lungs at the end of
forced expiration(amount of air that cannot be breathed out
what is vital capacity? - ANSWER:difference between the largest TLC and smallest RV
what is TLC determined by? - ANSWER:ability of the inspiratory pump(brain, nerves,
muscle) to expand chest wall and lungs
any breakdown of ability of the inspiratory pump to function will result in what? -
ANSWER:smaller TLC(restrictive lung disease)
what is an example of when the inspiratory pump isnt working quite right? -
ANSWER:neuromuscular disease, kyphoscoliosis
diseases which increase inward recoil of the lung(as in pulmonary fibrosis) will lead
to what? - ANSWER:a smaller TLC
what will result in an increased TLC? - ANSWER:reduction of inward
recoil(emphysema)
what determines the RV? - ANSWER:strength of expiratory muscles and
compressibility of the chest wall
what determines VC(vital capacity)? - ANSWER:variations between TLC and RV
, FRC is what kind of measurement? - ANSWER:not reliable measurement
where does most of the resistance to airflow in the respiratory system occur? -
ANSWER:in the first few divisions of airways
why is there less resistance to airflow in the more distal smaller airways? -
ANSWER:because there is far more cross sectional area
what reduces the resistance to airflow? - ANSWER:lung expansion(inspiration), so at
high lung volumes
airway resistance will increase when? - ANSWER:at low lung volumes
what other than lung volumes can increase airway resistance? - ANSWER:smooth
muscle constriction, secretions in airways, edema, loss of tethering to small
airways(emphysema)
what are obstructive lung diseases characterized by? - ANSWER:resistance to
expiratory flow
what four categories of info may be obtained from PFTs? - ANSWER:1-Lung volumes
2-Flow rates
3-Diffusing capacity
4-maximal inspiratory/expiratory pressures which measure strength of respiratory
muscles
what will a normal flow volume loop look like? - ANSWER:1-rapid rise to peak flow
rate in expiration phase
2-linear fall in flow at end of expiratory phase
3-symmetrical saddle shaped inspiratory curve
what will a fixed upper airway obstruction(can be intra or extrathoracic) look like on
flow-volume loop? - ANSWER:flow limitation and flatteninig in both inspiratory and
expiratory limbs
how to read a flow-volume loop? - ANSWER:start at left most point on the x axis this
will be breath out as hard as you can then furthest right point is when you take a big
breath in so top is expiratory and bottom is inspiratory limb
what will a variable(nonfixed) extrathoracic obstruction flow volume loop like? -
ANSWER:flow limitation and flattening on the inspiratory limb of the loop
what will a dynamic/variable intrathoracic obstruction flow volume loop look like? -
ANSWER:flow limitation and and flattening on expiratory limb
