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LEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Theme: Science
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages
of these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of
this topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, • keep your notes organised and easy to navigate;
• highlight where further reading and research are needed,
including any recommended or further reading;
• use your notes to help you get started on your TAQs.
Read the Specification:
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read the unit specification in my courses on the Materials page.
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
Press CTRL + Click in the contents list to go to the relevant page
Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1. Anabolic and catabolic reactions ........................................................ 2
2. Biomolecules ......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Carbohydrates..................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Monosaccharides ..................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Disaccharides .......................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Condensation Reactions .......................................................... 7
2.1.4 Hydrolysis Reactions ............................................................... 8
2.1.5 Polysaccharides....................................................................... 9
2.1.6 Biological functions of carbohydrates ..................................... 11
2.2 Lipids ................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Fats (Triglycerides) ................................................................ 12
2.2.2 Phospholipids ........................................................................ 14
2.2.3 Steroids ................................................................................. 15
2.3 Proteins ............................................................................................. 15
2.4 Reagent Tests Used to Identify Biomolecules ................................... 21
3. Enzymes ............................................................................................... 25
3.1 Enzyme Specificity ............................................................................ 26
3.2 Catalytic power.................................................................................. 27
3.3 Active site.......................................................................................... 28
3.4 Energy conversion ............................................................................ 29
3.5 Factors affecting enzyme activity ...................................................... 29
3.5.1 The effects of temperature on enzyme activity ....................... 30
3.5.1 Concept of Q10 (the temperature Co-efficient) ........................ 31
3.5.1 The effects of pH on enzyme activity ..................................... 32
4.6.3 Inhibition ......................................................................................................... 33
4. Nucleic acids ....................................................................................... 35
4.1 Structure of DNA Heading ................................................................. 35
4.1.1 Base units .............................................................................. 37
The Double helix ............................................................................... 38
4.2 Structure of RNA ............................................................................... 40
4.3 DNA replication ................................................................................. 42
4.3.1 DNA directionality .................................................................. 42
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
4.3.2 Process of DNA replication .................................................... 42
5. Protein synthesis ................................................................................ 45
5.1 Transcription ..................................................................................... 45
5.2 Translation ........................................................................................ 46
6. Basic Principles of gene cloning and DNA analysis ........................ 48
6.1 Isolating the Gene ............................................................................. 51
6.2 Producing recombinant DNA ............................................................. 51
6.3 Checking the host cells ..................................................................... 52
6.4 Producing the recombinant human gene. .......................................... 54
6.5 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology ................................. 54
6.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ................................................... 55
6.6.1 The Uses of PCR ................................................................... 56
6.7 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ............................................................. 57
6.8 Applications of gel electrophoresis .................................................... 59
References and bibliography ...................................................................... 61
Recommended reading ............................................................................... 61
DLC resources ............................................................................................. 61
Credits .......................................................................................................... 61
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
LEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Theme: Science
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages
of these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of
this topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
If you see this icon you will be able to listen to how the word is
pronounced
Read and make notes:
Making notes turns reading into studying. Notes should be brief, clear
and helpful.
To help your understanding:
• rewrite or summarise what you have learned (avoid copying
what you have read);
• note down any questions your studying has raised, either to
ask your tutor, or to develop into further research.
To help you to remember:
• sum things up to improve long term memory;
• write things down to aid motor memory;
• use colour, images or patterns to help visual memory.
To help you in your assessments:
• record where you will find information (e.g. page numbers);
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, • keep your notes organised and easy to navigate;
• highlight where further reading and research are needed,
including any recommended or further reading;
• use your notes to help you get started on your TAQs.
Read the Specification:
So that you will know the criteria you will be assessed on please
read the unit specification in my courses on the Materials page.
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
Press CTRL + Click in the contents list to go to the relevant page
Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1. Anabolic and catabolic reactions ........................................................ 2
2. Biomolecules ......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Carbohydrates..................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Monosaccharides ..................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Disaccharides .......................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Condensation Reactions .......................................................... 7
2.1.4 Hydrolysis Reactions ............................................................... 8
2.1.5 Polysaccharides....................................................................... 9
2.1.6 Biological functions of carbohydrates ..................................... 11
2.2 Lipids ................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Fats (Triglycerides) ................................................................ 12
2.2.2 Phospholipids ........................................................................ 14
2.2.3 Steroids ................................................................................. 15
2.3 Proteins ............................................................................................. 15
2.4 Reagent Tests Used to Identify Biomolecules ................................... 21
3. Enzymes ............................................................................................... 25
3.1 Enzyme Specificity ............................................................................ 26
3.2 Catalytic power.................................................................................. 27
3.3 Active site.......................................................................................... 28
3.4 Energy conversion ............................................................................ 29
3.5 Factors affecting enzyme activity ...................................................... 29
3.5.1 The effects of temperature on enzyme activity ....................... 30
3.5.1 Concept of Q10 (the temperature Co-efficient) ........................ 31
3.5.1 The effects of pH on enzyme activity ..................................... 32
4.6.3 Inhibition ......................................................................................................... 33
4. Nucleic acids ....................................................................................... 35
4.1 Structure of DNA Heading ................................................................. 35
4.1.1 Base units .............................................................................. 37
The Double helix ............................................................................... 38
4.2 Structure of RNA ............................................................................... 40
4.3 DNA replication ................................................................................. 42
4.3.1 DNA directionality .................................................................. 42
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Chemistry / Medicine
Unit: Applied Biochemistry
Topic 1: Applied Biochemistry
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
4.3.2 Process of DNA replication .................................................... 42
5. Protein synthesis ................................................................................ 45
5.1 Transcription ..................................................................................... 45
5.2 Translation ........................................................................................ 46
6. Basic Principles of gene cloning and DNA analysis ........................ 48
6.1 Isolating the Gene ............................................................................. 51
6.2 Producing recombinant DNA ............................................................. 51
6.3 Checking the host cells ..................................................................... 52
6.4 Producing the recombinant human gene. .......................................... 54
6.5 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology ................................. 54
6.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ................................................... 55
6.6.1 The Uses of PCR ................................................................... 56
6.7 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ............................................................. 57
6.8 Applications of gel electrophoresis .................................................... 59
References and bibliography ...................................................................... 61
Recommended reading ............................................................................... 61
DLC resources ............................................................................................. 61
Credits .......................................................................................................... 61
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
