TEST BANK For Mosby’s Respiratory Care Equipment,
11th Edition, by J. M. Cairo
patent airway: - ANSWER:pathway that is unblocked and air is moving freely
diffusion: - ANSWER:air is inhaled and follows to alveoli, where O2 is absorbed into
blood and CO2 leaves the blood to be exhaled. O2 & CO2 move across alveolar cell
membrane and cell membrane of capillaries surrounding alveoli
-involuntary process
inhalation (inspiration): - ANSWER:diaphragm contracts (moves down), increasing
chest cavity. intercostal muscles contract (move ribs up and out), increasing chest
cavity. when chest cavity increased, lungs expand. pressure within lungs decrease
becoming negative pressure. air is pulled into lungs until pressure equals pressure
outside the body
exhalation (expiration): - ANSWER:muscles relax, size of chest cavity decreases. ribs
come inward, diaphragm upward, and lungs compressed forcing air to go out
regulation of respiration - ANSWER:1. respiratory center is in the medulla
(brainstem)
2. automatically controls inhalation by sending impulses to phrenic nerve
3. influenced by chemoreceptors in the medulla
chemoreceptors in the medulla - ANSWER:1. decreased O2 of blood or change in
blood pH cause increased rate and depth of resps
2. increased CO2 causes blood to be more acidic, causing resp rate to increase to
remove excess CO2, returning blood pH to normal levels (provide brain's stimulus to
breathe)
regulation of respiration in chronic lung disease - ANSWER:air is trapped in alveoli for
too long b/c O2 and CO2 are unable to diffuse freely
1. increase blood levels of CO2 and decreased O2 level
2. body acclimates to increased CO2 level b/c cannot increase resp rate higher to
blow off
3. increase CO2 level no longer stimulates resp and body begins responding to
decreased O2 level, which becomes its stimulus to breathe
4. if O2 increased too high, can impair message from medulla to tell body to breathe
external respiration: - ANSWER:between alveoli and capillaries; oxygen moves from
area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
internal respiration: - ANSWER:between bloodstream and body cells; fresh O2 enters
bloodstream and carried by hemoglobin on RBCs through arteries and arterioles to
,capillaries. in capillaries, O2 diffuses to tissue cells when concentration decreases.
CO2 and other waste products diffuse into blood from tissue cells. blood returns to
heart and lungs through veins. blood is pumped back to lungs, CO2 & waste products
leave blood and enter alveoli to leave body with exhalation
hypoxemia: - ANSWER:O2 levels in blood drop below normal range
hypoxia: - ANSWER:blood can't take adequate amounts of O2 to tissues during
internal resp
early S&S of hypoxia: - ANSWER:1. agitation
2. anxiety
3. changes in LOC
4. disorientation
5. headache
6. irritability
7. restlessness
8. tachypnea
late S&S of hypoxia: - ANSWER:1. bradycardia
2. cardiac dysrhythmias
3. cyanosis
4. decreased resp rate (bradypnea)
5. retractions
causes of impaired oxygenation: - ANSWER:1. obstruction in pharynx, trachea,
bronchi
2. alveolar damage caused by chronic lung disease
3. chronic lung disease
4. damage or trauma to lung
5. anemia
6. decreased cardiac output
7. increase altitude
8. hypoventilation
9. poor peripheral circulation
10. pulmonary embolus
nasal congestion: - ANSWER:mucus congestion leads to mouth breathing
tracheal obstruction: - ANSWER:1. secretions - can cough to clear
2. foreign body - heimlich maneuver
bronchial obstruction: - ANSWER:thick mucus or secretions - deep cough to clear or
mucus-thinning agent
alveolar damage caused by chronic lung disease: - ANSWER:secretions in alveoli; less
O2 cross into blood, less CO2 able to leave blood
, chronic lung disease: - ANSWER:alveoli and airways damaged - unable to expand and
move air in and out
damage or trauma to lung: - ANSWER:1. lung collapses (atelectasis)
2. trauma - bullet or knife wound to chest
3. blockage of airway to lungs - tumor blocking airway
caring for pt with impaired O2: - ANSWER:1. remain calm
2. speak in normal tone
3. tell pt what to do
4. help slow breathing
5. reassure pt that help is present
6. don't leave pt
assessing resp status: - ANSWER:1. color of skin and mucous membranes
2. resp effort
3. cough
4. chest assessment
5. oxygenation status
6. oxygen saturation
7. diagnostic test
color of skin and mucous membranes: - ANSWER:1. cyanosis
2. pallor
cyanosis: - ANSWER:bluish discoloration (nails, ears, nose, lips)
-indication of hypoxia
pallor: - ANSWER:paleness
-indication of anemia (decreased RBC = decreased hemoglobin = decreased
oxygenation)
resp effort: - ANSWER:1. dyspnea
2. exertional dyspnea
3. orthopneic position
dyspnea: - ANSWER:difficulty breathing
exertional dyspnea: - ANSWER:effort at breathing when physically active
-pt has to stop and rest when ambulating b/c SOB
orthopneic position: - ANSWER:upright position and leaning over table allowing to
inhale more air
cough: - ANSWER:1. productive cough
2. nonproductive cough
11th Edition, by J. M. Cairo
patent airway: - ANSWER:pathway that is unblocked and air is moving freely
diffusion: - ANSWER:air is inhaled and follows to alveoli, where O2 is absorbed into
blood and CO2 leaves the blood to be exhaled. O2 & CO2 move across alveolar cell
membrane and cell membrane of capillaries surrounding alveoli
-involuntary process
inhalation (inspiration): - ANSWER:diaphragm contracts (moves down), increasing
chest cavity. intercostal muscles contract (move ribs up and out), increasing chest
cavity. when chest cavity increased, lungs expand. pressure within lungs decrease
becoming negative pressure. air is pulled into lungs until pressure equals pressure
outside the body
exhalation (expiration): - ANSWER:muscles relax, size of chest cavity decreases. ribs
come inward, diaphragm upward, and lungs compressed forcing air to go out
regulation of respiration - ANSWER:1. respiratory center is in the medulla
(brainstem)
2. automatically controls inhalation by sending impulses to phrenic nerve
3. influenced by chemoreceptors in the medulla
chemoreceptors in the medulla - ANSWER:1. decreased O2 of blood or change in
blood pH cause increased rate and depth of resps
2. increased CO2 causes blood to be more acidic, causing resp rate to increase to
remove excess CO2, returning blood pH to normal levels (provide brain's stimulus to
breathe)
regulation of respiration in chronic lung disease - ANSWER:air is trapped in alveoli for
too long b/c O2 and CO2 are unable to diffuse freely
1. increase blood levels of CO2 and decreased O2 level
2. body acclimates to increased CO2 level b/c cannot increase resp rate higher to
blow off
3. increase CO2 level no longer stimulates resp and body begins responding to
decreased O2 level, which becomes its stimulus to breathe
4. if O2 increased too high, can impair message from medulla to tell body to breathe
external respiration: - ANSWER:between alveoli and capillaries; oxygen moves from
area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
internal respiration: - ANSWER:between bloodstream and body cells; fresh O2 enters
bloodstream and carried by hemoglobin on RBCs through arteries and arterioles to
,capillaries. in capillaries, O2 diffuses to tissue cells when concentration decreases.
CO2 and other waste products diffuse into blood from tissue cells. blood returns to
heart and lungs through veins. blood is pumped back to lungs, CO2 & waste products
leave blood and enter alveoli to leave body with exhalation
hypoxemia: - ANSWER:O2 levels in blood drop below normal range
hypoxia: - ANSWER:blood can't take adequate amounts of O2 to tissues during
internal resp
early S&S of hypoxia: - ANSWER:1. agitation
2. anxiety
3. changes in LOC
4. disorientation
5. headache
6. irritability
7. restlessness
8. tachypnea
late S&S of hypoxia: - ANSWER:1. bradycardia
2. cardiac dysrhythmias
3. cyanosis
4. decreased resp rate (bradypnea)
5. retractions
causes of impaired oxygenation: - ANSWER:1. obstruction in pharynx, trachea,
bronchi
2. alveolar damage caused by chronic lung disease
3. chronic lung disease
4. damage or trauma to lung
5. anemia
6. decreased cardiac output
7. increase altitude
8. hypoventilation
9. poor peripheral circulation
10. pulmonary embolus
nasal congestion: - ANSWER:mucus congestion leads to mouth breathing
tracheal obstruction: - ANSWER:1. secretions - can cough to clear
2. foreign body - heimlich maneuver
bronchial obstruction: - ANSWER:thick mucus or secretions - deep cough to clear or
mucus-thinning agent
alveolar damage caused by chronic lung disease: - ANSWER:secretions in alveoli; less
O2 cross into blood, less CO2 able to leave blood
, chronic lung disease: - ANSWER:alveoli and airways damaged - unable to expand and
move air in and out
damage or trauma to lung: - ANSWER:1. lung collapses (atelectasis)
2. trauma - bullet or knife wound to chest
3. blockage of airway to lungs - tumor blocking airway
caring for pt with impaired O2: - ANSWER:1. remain calm
2. speak in normal tone
3. tell pt what to do
4. help slow breathing
5. reassure pt that help is present
6. don't leave pt
assessing resp status: - ANSWER:1. color of skin and mucous membranes
2. resp effort
3. cough
4. chest assessment
5. oxygenation status
6. oxygen saturation
7. diagnostic test
color of skin and mucous membranes: - ANSWER:1. cyanosis
2. pallor
cyanosis: - ANSWER:bluish discoloration (nails, ears, nose, lips)
-indication of hypoxia
pallor: - ANSWER:paleness
-indication of anemia (decreased RBC = decreased hemoglobin = decreased
oxygenation)
resp effort: - ANSWER:1. dyspnea
2. exertional dyspnea
3. orthopneic position
dyspnea: - ANSWER:difficulty breathing
exertional dyspnea: - ANSWER:effort at breathing when physically active
-pt has to stop and rest when ambulating b/c SOB
orthopneic position: - ANSWER:upright position and leaning over table allowing to
inhale more air
cough: - ANSWER:1. productive cough
2. nonproductive cough
