summary test 2

Week 6
Nutrition for Specific Groups (Birth to Death) and Developmental Psychology (Part 2)
- Explain and give advice regarding the nutritional needs in the adolescence, adult and older adult
stages of life
- Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the influence of age, growth, physiological changes
and normal development on nutritional requirements in the adolescence, adult and older adult stages
of life
- Give dietary information and advice to clients of different target groups (from puberty to old age)
regarding products.

Developmental Psychology (Part 2)
- Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of social, cognitive and language development from
puberty to elderly.

Adolescence
 Biological, psychological and social changes
 Rapid growth (15-25% height, 40-50% weight)

Pubertal onset
 Genetic component
 Environmental factors (undernutrition delays pubertal onsets)thr
 Secondary sexual characteristics
 Biological and emotional changes

Three phases of adolescence
Early adolescence: 9 – 13 years:
 Most important physical changes
 Changes is relationships with parents and peers
 Group is important
 Act more emotional and sensitive
 Impulsive and sensitive to rewards

Mid-adolescence: 4 – 16 years
 Independence increases (emotional separation from parents)
 Experimenting, want a feeling of sensation (and are unable to look at the consequences of their
behavior)
 Mood swings

Late adolescence: 17 – adulthood
 More self-conscious
 Developing their own identity
 Less sensitive to group pressure
 Able to look at the long term consequences of their behavior

Physical changes in adolescence
Formal-operational period (Piaget)
 Developing the ability to use abstract concepts
 Think hypothetically about the future
 Logical reasoning with hypothetical problems
o If all A’s are B’s, and C is an A, than C is a …
 Capable of introspection (thinking about their own thinking)

,  In adolescence: development of selective attention and divided attention
 Children under 11 years are better able to remember peripheral information. That is, information not
part of the main task

Adolescents behavior and nutrition
 Body composition changes

Dietary patterns influenced by:
 Peers and parental modeling
 Food availability/preferences and cst/convenience
 Personal/cultural beliefs
 Mass media
 Body image
*teens tend to snack/miss meals/eat away from home/eat fast food/diet more than younger people
*inadequate intake of micronutrients
*food rules at home related to healthy food choices

Adults
Women changing needs:
 Menstruation: more Fe
 Pregnancy & lactation: more folic acid, protein, Fe
 Menopause: more Ca and vitamin D

Menopause
Decreased estrogen levels  big impact:
 Bone density decreases  Ca and vitamin D intake
 Energy expenditure more efficient  weight gain
 Hot flushes (due to malfunctioning thermoregulation)
 Sleeping disorders
 Saliva production decreases
 Mood changes  sometimes depression

Risk factors for osteoporosis
 Ageing  bone mass decreases  risk factor: fractures increases
 Women: higher chance osteoporosis after menopause
 Men: higher chance above 70 years

Unchangeable risks
 Your sex
 Age
 Race
 Family history
 Body frame size

Hormone levels
 Sex hormones
 Thyroid problems
 Other glands
 Steroids and other medications


Dietary factors
 Low calcium intake

,  Eating disorders
 Gastrointestinal surgery

Lifestyle choices
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Excessive alcohol alcohol
 Tobacco use

Medical conditions
 Celiac disease
 Inflammatory bowel disease
 Kidney or liver disease
 Cancer
 Lupus
 Multiple myeloma
 Rheumatoid arthritis

Ageing: physiological changes
 Body composition: increase in body mass fat and decrease in lean body mass (muscles)
 Decrease functions kidneys
 Decrease in saliva/mucus production (dry mouth/suboptimal digestion)
 Inadequate intestinal absorption of calcium, zinc, vitamin D
 Atrofic gastritis  intrinsic factor decreases  vitamin B12 absorption decreases
 Losing sense of taste/smell ( risk of less interest in food)

Elderly and water
In older adults  increased risk of dehydration
 Decreased thirst response
 Reduction in kidney function  more water needed
 1.7 liters/day recommended
 Diuretic medications, alcohol increase fluid excretion and can contribute to dehydration
 Be aware: people suffering from urinary incontinence and constipation, illness, and hot summers

Psychological well-being in the elderly
Psychological well-being consists of:
 Ryff’s six dimensions of psychological well-being (eudaimonic well-being): self-acceptance, positive
relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth
 Life satisfaction: a person’s cognitive assessment of satisfaction with his/hers life. Remain high into the
60s and early 70s and the drops when satisfaction with health, social life, and leisure activities decrease
in late life
 Positive and negative affect (hedonic well-being): older adults often display better emotional well-being
than younger adults

The elderly and nutrition
Recommendations that are especially important for the elderly:
 Energy requirement decrease with increasing age. Accordingly, limit the use of products with a high
energy density, such as soft drinks, alcohol and snacks. Eat more food with a favourable nutrient density
 Eat plenty of fruit, vegetables, and whole-grain products each day, as these promote regular bowel
movements and prevent cardiovascular disease
 Eat fish twice a week, including oily fish once a week. This helps prevent cardiovascular disease and may
also help to prevent visual disorders, and cognitive decline.
 Take extra vitamin D for healthy bones
 Take sufficient exercise