Sociology Exam 1/77 Q’s and A’s
(Sociology Exam Chapters 1,2,3)
Augustes Comtes (1798-1857) - --Founder of sociology
-Analyze social order
-Wanted scientific method to apply
-Karl Marx (1818-1883) - --Created conflict theory
-Human misery lay within class conflict
-Exploitation of workers and producers, social change.
-Wanted social workers to overthrow capitalists.
-Emilie Durkeim (1858-1917) - --french sociologist
-Many important concepts to sociology
-suicide rates in different countries
-more likely to commit suicide in poorer countries.
-Max Weber (1864-1920) - --early sociologist
-profound impression on sociology
-cross cultural & historical materials trace social changes & determine social
change.
-Jane Addams (1860-1935) - --Noble peace prize
-peace on behalf of immigrants.
-W.E.B Dubois (1868-1963) - --He studied relations between african
americans and whites
-Combined the roles of sociology and academics.
-C.Wright Mills (1916-1962) - --Controversial figure in sociology
-Analysis of the role of the power elite in U.S society.
-Analysis taken for granted by sociologists.
-Jean Piaget - -Development of reasoning, children go through a natural
process as they develop their ability to reason.
-Cultural Shock - -Disorientation people experience when they come in
contact with a different culture, and can no longer depend on their
assumptions about life.
-Ethnocentrism - -The tendency to use our own groups way of doing things
as a yardstick for judging others. (individuals or societies) usually a negative
evaluation of their values, norms, & behaviors.
, -Gestures - -Use of body to communicate with others.
-Norms - -expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a groups
values
-Values - -Ideas about what is valuable, desirable, undesirable, good, bad,
beautiful and ugly. underlie or preferences and guide our choices.
-Positive Sanction - -A reward or positive reaction for following norms
-Negative Sanction - -Disapproval for breaking a norm. Range from mild to
severe.
-Sanction - -Expressions of approval for upholding norms or disapproval for
violating norms
-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - -Language creates ways on thinking and
perceiving. Jelly Vs. Jam
-Subculture - -A world within the larger world of the dominant culture
-Counterculture - -A group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related
behaviors place its members in opposition of the broader culture.
-Language - -A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite
number of ways and can only represent not only objects, but abstract
thoughts.
-Mores - -Norms that are taken seriously.
-Folkway - -Norms that are not strictly enforced.
-Harriet Martineau - -Interested in social issues, turned to sociology,
became an advocate for the destruction of slavery, traveled widely.
translated various works from Auguste Comte
-Taboo - -A norm so strongly ingrained that the thought of violating it is
greeted with revulsion (severe sanction)
-Culture Lag - -Behaviors lag behind technological innovations
-Cultural leveling - -The process by which cultures become similar to one
another. Often refers to western culture being exported and diffused into
other nations
(Sociology Exam Chapters 1,2,3)
Augustes Comtes (1798-1857) - --Founder of sociology
-Analyze social order
-Wanted scientific method to apply
-Karl Marx (1818-1883) - --Created conflict theory
-Human misery lay within class conflict
-Exploitation of workers and producers, social change.
-Wanted social workers to overthrow capitalists.
-Emilie Durkeim (1858-1917) - --french sociologist
-Many important concepts to sociology
-suicide rates in different countries
-more likely to commit suicide in poorer countries.
-Max Weber (1864-1920) - --early sociologist
-profound impression on sociology
-cross cultural & historical materials trace social changes & determine social
change.
-Jane Addams (1860-1935) - --Noble peace prize
-peace on behalf of immigrants.
-W.E.B Dubois (1868-1963) - --He studied relations between african
americans and whites
-Combined the roles of sociology and academics.
-C.Wright Mills (1916-1962) - --Controversial figure in sociology
-Analysis of the role of the power elite in U.S society.
-Analysis taken for granted by sociologists.
-Jean Piaget - -Development of reasoning, children go through a natural
process as they develop their ability to reason.
-Cultural Shock - -Disorientation people experience when they come in
contact with a different culture, and can no longer depend on their
assumptions about life.
-Ethnocentrism - -The tendency to use our own groups way of doing things
as a yardstick for judging others. (individuals or societies) usually a negative
evaluation of their values, norms, & behaviors.
, -Gestures - -Use of body to communicate with others.
-Norms - -expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a groups
values
-Values - -Ideas about what is valuable, desirable, undesirable, good, bad,
beautiful and ugly. underlie or preferences and guide our choices.
-Positive Sanction - -A reward or positive reaction for following norms
-Negative Sanction - -Disapproval for breaking a norm. Range from mild to
severe.
-Sanction - -Expressions of approval for upholding norms or disapproval for
violating norms
-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - -Language creates ways on thinking and
perceiving. Jelly Vs. Jam
-Subculture - -A world within the larger world of the dominant culture
-Counterculture - -A group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related
behaviors place its members in opposition of the broader culture.
-Language - -A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite
number of ways and can only represent not only objects, but abstract
thoughts.
-Mores - -Norms that are taken seriously.
-Folkway - -Norms that are not strictly enforced.
-Harriet Martineau - -Interested in social issues, turned to sociology,
became an advocate for the destruction of slavery, traveled widely.
translated various works from Auguste Comte
-Taboo - -A norm so strongly ingrained that the thought of violating it is
greeted with revulsion (severe sanction)
-Culture Lag - -Behaviors lag behind technological innovations
-Cultural leveling - -The process by which cultures become similar to one
another. Often refers to western culture being exported and diffused into
other nations
