NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-
2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES ALREADY GRADED A+
(MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
What is Apoptosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>A programmed cell
death
What is necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Death of most or all
of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure
of the blood supply.
Characteristics of tissue necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>1)
Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure
2) Organelle swelling
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
Hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER >>What is the #1 major cause of
cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and
heart)
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Is an increase in
the size of cells
Physiologic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER >>Hypertrophy
of myocardial cells such as in endurance training
,Pathologic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER >>Occurs
secondary to HTN
What is Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Increase in the
number of cells
Pathological hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Endometrial
hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Removal of
70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks
What is Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Replacement of
cells
Example of Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Normal
columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have
on cells? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Reduction in ATP levels
causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and
sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely,
and cellular swelling results.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases? - CORRECT ANSWER >>These reactive
oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression
, of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia,
diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and
chronic heart failure.
What are free radicals? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Electrically
uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
How are free radicals formed? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Having
one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Free radical species - CORRECT ANSWER >>Are capable of
injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
What are the Lysosomes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>membrane-
bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in
lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species
such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and
oxygen
How does the body metabolize Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER
>>Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which
causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol.
2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES ALREADY GRADED A+
(MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
What is Apoptosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>A programmed cell
death
What is necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Death of most or all
of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure
of the blood supply.
Characteristics of tissue necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>1)
Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure
2) Organelle swelling
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
Hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER >>What is the #1 major cause of
cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and
heart)
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Is an increase in
the size of cells
Physiologic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER >>Hypertrophy
of myocardial cells such as in endurance training
,Pathologic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER >>Occurs
secondary to HTN
What is Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Increase in the
number of cells
Pathological hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Endometrial
hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Removal of
70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks
What is Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Replacement of
cells
Example of Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>Normal
columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have
on cells? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Reduction in ATP levels
causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and
sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely,
and cellular swelling results.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases? - CORRECT ANSWER >>These reactive
oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression
, of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia,
diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and
chronic heart failure.
What are free radicals? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Electrically
uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
How are free radicals formed? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Having
one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Free radical species - CORRECT ANSWER >>Are capable of
injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
What are the Lysosomes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>membrane-
bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in
lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species
such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and
oxygen
How does the body metabolize Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER
>>Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which
causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol.
