Biol 432 - Endocrinology: Peptide Hormones
Questions with 100% Correct Answers
Key part of peptide / protein biosynthesis Correct Answer increase in gene expression
of the cellular genes that encode for these proteins (hormones)
Proteins & peptides might be ______ and/or ______ to generate their full biological
activity Correct Answer glycosylated ; dimerized
Proteins & peptides are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)? Correct Answer hydrophilic -
therefore can be stored in vesicles & won't diffuse through lipid membrane.
Are peptides / proteins stored in vesicles or secreted upon demand? Correct Answer
Stored in secretory vesicles / granules in endocrine cells
Name some sites of synthesis for peptide hormones Correct Answer hypothalamus,
anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, heart, GI tract, liver, pancreas, kidneys, adipose
tissue
Many peptide hormones belong to ______ that share genetic and ______ homologies
Correct Answer families ; peptide structural
Evolutionary emergence of peptide hormone families from a _____ _____ _____
Correct Answer common ancestral gene
9 steps of general peptide mechanism of action from synthesis --> receptor binding
Correct Answer 1) transcription of signal sequence
2) post-transcriptional modifications
3) translation
4) post-translational modification (protein processing)
5) vesicular trafficking / secretion
6) further protein processing
7) transport
8) degradation
9) receptor binding
Most protein / peptide hormones require the transcription of a single gene, the exception
is: Correct Answer Glycoprotein hormones; which are heterodimers consisting of an
alpha and beta subunit; encoded by 2 different genes. (and carbohydrate side chains)
What are the four glycoprotein hormones? Correct Answer FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Which subunit (alpha or beta) confers biological specificity for the 4 glycoprotein
hormones? Correct Answer BETA; because alpha subunits are the same for all four
hormones whereas the beta subunits are unique for each hormone.
Genes have _____ regions (exons + introns) and ______ regions. Correct Answer
coding ; regulatory
What is the most important regulatory region of a gene? Where is it located? Correct
Answer promoter region on the 5' end of the gene.
What elements are included in the promoter region of a gene? Correct Answer - initiator
element (w/ transcription start site, just downstream of the TATA box).
- regulatory elements (specific binding sites for transcription factors)
What are the roles of transcription factors Correct Answer proteins that may initiate,
activate or repress transcription
What are the 2 regulatory regions of genes discussed in regards to transcription Correct
Answer - promoter region
- enhancers / silencers
Enhancers / silencers are: Correct Answer regulatory regions that are binding sites for
activators or repressors.
--> usually located further upstream or downstream of the promoter
What's an example of a hormone that binds to a DNA regulatory element to increase for
decrease transcription of target genes as one of its cellular effects? Correct Answer
estrogen receptor binds to specific DNA sequences: estrogen response elements
(EREs).
DNA is tightly packaged, how can this architecture be remodelled to allow access &
expose or hide regions for transcriptional regulation? Correct Answer Chromatin
remodelling via:
- histone modifying enzymes or
- ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes (which can be recruited to specific
sites such as gene promoters to cooperate with histone modifying enzymes).
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes can be recruited to specific sites such
as ________, and cooperate with _________ for chromatin remodelling. Correct
Answer Gene promoters; histone modifying enzymes
Does a transcription regulatory element have to be close (proximal) to the
transcriptional start site in order to impact gene expression? Why or why not? Correct
Answer NO, distal regulatory elements located far from the transcriptional start site can
Questions with 100% Correct Answers
Key part of peptide / protein biosynthesis Correct Answer increase in gene expression
of the cellular genes that encode for these proteins (hormones)
Proteins & peptides might be ______ and/or ______ to generate their full biological
activity Correct Answer glycosylated ; dimerized
Proteins & peptides are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)? Correct Answer hydrophilic -
therefore can be stored in vesicles & won't diffuse through lipid membrane.
Are peptides / proteins stored in vesicles or secreted upon demand? Correct Answer
Stored in secretory vesicles / granules in endocrine cells
Name some sites of synthesis for peptide hormones Correct Answer hypothalamus,
anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, heart, GI tract, liver, pancreas, kidneys, adipose
tissue
Many peptide hormones belong to ______ that share genetic and ______ homologies
Correct Answer families ; peptide structural
Evolutionary emergence of peptide hormone families from a _____ _____ _____
Correct Answer common ancestral gene
9 steps of general peptide mechanism of action from synthesis --> receptor binding
Correct Answer 1) transcription of signal sequence
2) post-transcriptional modifications
3) translation
4) post-translational modification (protein processing)
5) vesicular trafficking / secretion
6) further protein processing
7) transport
8) degradation
9) receptor binding
Most protein / peptide hormones require the transcription of a single gene, the exception
is: Correct Answer Glycoprotein hormones; which are heterodimers consisting of an
alpha and beta subunit; encoded by 2 different genes. (and carbohydrate side chains)
What are the four glycoprotein hormones? Correct Answer FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Which subunit (alpha or beta) confers biological specificity for the 4 glycoprotein
hormones? Correct Answer BETA; because alpha subunits are the same for all four
hormones whereas the beta subunits are unique for each hormone.
Genes have _____ regions (exons + introns) and ______ regions. Correct Answer
coding ; regulatory
What is the most important regulatory region of a gene? Where is it located? Correct
Answer promoter region on the 5' end of the gene.
What elements are included in the promoter region of a gene? Correct Answer - initiator
element (w/ transcription start site, just downstream of the TATA box).
- regulatory elements (specific binding sites for transcription factors)
What are the roles of transcription factors Correct Answer proteins that may initiate,
activate or repress transcription
What are the 2 regulatory regions of genes discussed in regards to transcription Correct
Answer - promoter region
- enhancers / silencers
Enhancers / silencers are: Correct Answer regulatory regions that are binding sites for
activators or repressors.
--> usually located further upstream or downstream of the promoter
What's an example of a hormone that binds to a DNA regulatory element to increase for
decrease transcription of target genes as one of its cellular effects? Correct Answer
estrogen receptor binds to specific DNA sequences: estrogen response elements
(EREs).
DNA is tightly packaged, how can this architecture be remodelled to allow access &
expose or hide regions for transcriptional regulation? Correct Answer Chromatin
remodelling via:
- histone modifying enzymes or
- ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes (which can be recruited to specific
sites such as gene promoters to cooperate with histone modifying enzymes).
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes can be recruited to specific sites such
as ________, and cooperate with _________ for chromatin remodelling. Correct
Answer Gene promoters; histone modifying enzymes
Does a transcription regulatory element have to be close (proximal) to the
transcriptional start site in order to impact gene expression? Why or why not? Correct
Answer NO, distal regulatory elements located far from the transcriptional start site can
