Topic 4A: Regenerating Places
EQ1: How and Why do Places Vary
ebranding:ways in which a place is deliberatelyreinvented and then marketed using itsnew
R
identity to attract new investors and visitors
Re-imaging:how the image of a place is changed e.g.how its portrayed in the media
Regeneration:redeveloping former industrial areasor outdated housing to bring about
economic and social change
conomic Sectors
E
Primary
- Most essential sector as the rest of the population relies on it for resources
- Involves the collection of raw materials and labor intensive work presenting risk to
physical and mental health
Secondary
- Manufacturing of raw materials into commercial goods/machinery
- Offers higher and more regular work which is annual rather than seasonal
- Exploitation is common in factories (subject to long hours and hazardous environments)
Tertiary
- Provision of services e.g. education, government departments
- Offer better progression opportunities and higher salaries however often office based
with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
Quaternary
- Technology based sector e.g. R&D, Finance and IT
- Roles are highly skilled and require high levels of education and expertise
- Negatives are the same as tertiary
Ethiopia (LIC) Sectors
- 75% employed in primary sector so lies in pre-industrial stage of Clarke Fisher model
- Small secondary sector created form FDI however little pay
- 15% tertiary sector including tourism services
- Poverty and lack of employment means many people work in the informal sector
UK (HIC) Sectors
- 2% primary sector as no need for large labor force
- 18% secondary sector due to deindustrialisation and relocation of industry
- Tertiary sector most dominant, people using technology to work from home benefiting
people in rural areas
- Safety and minimum wage ensures no worker exploitation
, lark Fisher Model:describes the stages a country may progress through as they become
C
more economically developed
Pre-Industrial
- majority of population work in primary sector with small percentage in secondary
- due to a lack of infrastructure or investment preventing countries from constructing
factories and establishing a manufacturing industry
Industrial
- Proportion of employees in primary sector begin to decline as imports become cheaper
rather than producing raw materials
- Internal rural-urban migration takes place as families seek better quality of life
Post-Industrial
- Proportion of people working in primary sector decreases significantly
- Secondary jobs decline at a slower rate
- Increase in tertiary and quaternary employment due to demand for entertainment,
holiday and technology due to increases in disposable income
outhwark:a central district in London
S
Middlesbrough: located in the country of north yorkshire
Southwark Middlesborough
- 22% working part-time so more disposable - 36% working part-time, so less disposable
income income
- 10% of jobs in IT so have greater - 2% of jobs in IT so have worse
communication services (4% NAVG) communication services
- 26% of people working in social work
suggesting many people are struggling with
issues that require support from the
government
What socio-economic inequalities in employment lead to
- 55% of workers below average weekly wage, reduced quality of life as they have less
disposable income
- Further south east earn the most due to: more employment opportunities, better quality
of education, more financial and investment aid to provide higher paying jobs (London)
- Higher earning individuals have better access to are and higher pension so better quality
of life at older age
- 46% of London have degrees with average weekly wage of £703
- 24% of NE have degrees with weekly wage of £446
Reasons for Inequalities in Places
- People in manual labor earn less than professional managerial positions with lower life
expectancy due to physical strain of their work
- Significant inequality in pay between employment sectors as primary employment earns
least on average with incomes being seasonal
- Positive correlation between level of income and a person's life expectancy
, Index of Multiple Deprivation
- A measure of relative deprivation for small areas
- Based on 37 indicators grouped into 7 domains which reflect different aspects of
deprivation e.g. income, employment, health, education
- Scores ranked from 1st (most deprived) to 32,844th (least deprived)
Poverty Cycle:
- High unemployment, less money to spend on goods and services, less taxes
- Local council invests less in education and infrastructure, more young people leave
school with fewer qualifications
- Higher unemployment…
Reasons and place might change
- Proximity to large cities and economic zones encourage economic development
- Ease of transport allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously
inaccessible locations
- TNCs relocation to better regions as a result of competition
- Government strategies to restructure economies (filling skill shortages, increasing
student numbers)
he London Docklands
T
Reasons for Decline
- Boats became larger finding it hard to travel far down the thames so docks moved
downstream
- Containerisation means fewer docks were needed
- Decline in manufacturing means port side industries closed down
- Sub-standard low quality housing such as tower blocks built in 50s/60s to replace bomb
damaged housing from WW2
Involvement of globalisation in the regeneration
- FDI from regions such as Qatar from elite immigrants to fund the development
- Jobs created in construction were filled by immigrant workers
Benefits
- Removal of derelict land made it more attractive and environmentally friendly
- Over 50,000 new homes built and improvements to pre-existing housing
- Improved transport links: docklands light railway, limehouse tunnel linking docklands to
central london and jubilee line used by 70,000+ weekly
Economic Benefits
- Enterprise zone established on the isle of docks to attract business investment
- Canary Wharf: 6 million sq/ft offices leased by over 100,000 people
- Major economic hub, home to JP Morgan, Barclays and HSBC, improving London's
economy
Negatives
- Catastrophic jobs losses 1978-1983, over 12,000 unemployed and unskilled for
development
EQ1: How and Why do Places Vary
ebranding:ways in which a place is deliberatelyreinvented and then marketed using itsnew
R
identity to attract new investors and visitors
Re-imaging:how the image of a place is changed e.g.how its portrayed in the media
Regeneration:redeveloping former industrial areasor outdated housing to bring about
economic and social change
conomic Sectors
E
Primary
- Most essential sector as the rest of the population relies on it for resources
- Involves the collection of raw materials and labor intensive work presenting risk to
physical and mental health
Secondary
- Manufacturing of raw materials into commercial goods/machinery
- Offers higher and more regular work which is annual rather than seasonal
- Exploitation is common in factories (subject to long hours and hazardous environments)
Tertiary
- Provision of services e.g. education, government departments
- Offer better progression opportunities and higher salaries however often office based
with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
Quaternary
- Technology based sector e.g. R&D, Finance and IT
- Roles are highly skilled and require high levels of education and expertise
- Negatives are the same as tertiary
Ethiopia (LIC) Sectors
- 75% employed in primary sector so lies in pre-industrial stage of Clarke Fisher model
- Small secondary sector created form FDI however little pay
- 15% tertiary sector including tourism services
- Poverty and lack of employment means many people work in the informal sector
UK (HIC) Sectors
- 2% primary sector as no need for large labor force
- 18% secondary sector due to deindustrialisation and relocation of industry
- Tertiary sector most dominant, people using technology to work from home benefiting
people in rural areas
- Safety and minimum wage ensures no worker exploitation
, lark Fisher Model:describes the stages a country may progress through as they become
C
more economically developed
Pre-Industrial
- majority of population work in primary sector with small percentage in secondary
- due to a lack of infrastructure or investment preventing countries from constructing
factories and establishing a manufacturing industry
Industrial
- Proportion of employees in primary sector begin to decline as imports become cheaper
rather than producing raw materials
- Internal rural-urban migration takes place as families seek better quality of life
Post-Industrial
- Proportion of people working in primary sector decreases significantly
- Secondary jobs decline at a slower rate
- Increase in tertiary and quaternary employment due to demand for entertainment,
holiday and technology due to increases in disposable income
outhwark:a central district in London
S
Middlesbrough: located in the country of north yorkshire
Southwark Middlesborough
- 22% working part-time so more disposable - 36% working part-time, so less disposable
income income
- 10% of jobs in IT so have greater - 2% of jobs in IT so have worse
communication services (4% NAVG) communication services
- 26% of people working in social work
suggesting many people are struggling with
issues that require support from the
government
What socio-economic inequalities in employment lead to
- 55% of workers below average weekly wage, reduced quality of life as they have less
disposable income
- Further south east earn the most due to: more employment opportunities, better quality
of education, more financial and investment aid to provide higher paying jobs (London)
- Higher earning individuals have better access to are and higher pension so better quality
of life at older age
- 46% of London have degrees with average weekly wage of £703
- 24% of NE have degrees with weekly wage of £446
Reasons for Inequalities in Places
- People in manual labor earn less than professional managerial positions with lower life
expectancy due to physical strain of their work
- Significant inequality in pay between employment sectors as primary employment earns
least on average with incomes being seasonal
- Positive correlation between level of income and a person's life expectancy
, Index of Multiple Deprivation
- A measure of relative deprivation for small areas
- Based on 37 indicators grouped into 7 domains which reflect different aspects of
deprivation e.g. income, employment, health, education
- Scores ranked from 1st (most deprived) to 32,844th (least deprived)
Poverty Cycle:
- High unemployment, less money to spend on goods and services, less taxes
- Local council invests less in education and infrastructure, more young people leave
school with fewer qualifications
- Higher unemployment…
Reasons and place might change
- Proximity to large cities and economic zones encourage economic development
- Ease of transport allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously
inaccessible locations
- TNCs relocation to better regions as a result of competition
- Government strategies to restructure economies (filling skill shortages, increasing
student numbers)
he London Docklands
T
Reasons for Decline
- Boats became larger finding it hard to travel far down the thames so docks moved
downstream
- Containerisation means fewer docks were needed
- Decline in manufacturing means port side industries closed down
- Sub-standard low quality housing such as tower blocks built in 50s/60s to replace bomb
damaged housing from WW2
Involvement of globalisation in the regeneration
- FDI from regions such as Qatar from elite immigrants to fund the development
- Jobs created in construction were filled by immigrant workers
Benefits
- Removal of derelict land made it more attractive and environmentally friendly
- Over 50,000 new homes built and improvements to pre-existing housing
- Improved transport links: docklands light railway, limehouse tunnel linking docklands to
central london and jubilee line used by 70,000+ weekly
Economic Benefits
- Enterprise zone established on the isle of docks to attract business investment
- Canary Wharf: 6 million sq/ft offices leased by over 100,000 people
- Major economic hub, home to JP Morgan, Barclays and HSBC, improving London's
economy
Negatives
- Catastrophic jobs losses 1978-1983, over 12,000 unemployed and unskilled for
development
