ADVANCED PATHO EXAM 3 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
WITH 100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of which ion? -
Correct Answer Calcium
Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of calcium. The
greater the amount of intracellular calcium, the greater the contraction
A 74-year-old female presents to the emergency department after having a syncopal episode. On
examination the patient is noted to have a systolic murmur at the second intercostal space, right of
the sternal border which radiates to the neck. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the
syncope? - Correct Answer Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis is more common in females and the elderly. An aortic stenosis causes a decrease in
cerebral perfusion which may result in syncope.
What are the clinical manifestations of Mitral Regurgitation? - Correct Answer Systolic murmurs
which radiate to the axilla originate from the mitral valve. A valve which has regurgitation allows
some blood to flow back through the valve during the cardiac cycle.
At which age, after birth, is pulmonary resistance equal to that of an adult? - Correct Answer 8 weeks
Which patient is at the most risk for developing heart failure? - Correct Answer A 45-year-old male
with a history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, and CAD.
An 84-year-old female patient with a history of severe aortic stenosis is going to surgery tomorrow
for a repair of a right hip fracture. Which of the following complications is the patient most likely to
have post-operatively? - Correct Answer Pulmonary edema
Aortic Stenosis - Correct Answer Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve. Blood from the left
ventricle passes through the aortic valve into the aorta to perfuse the body. The more severe the
narrowing of the aortic valve, the less blood moves through the valve to perfuse the body. As a result
blood backs up in the left ventricle and over time causes left ventricular hypertrophy. The backup of
blood will also eventually cause left atrial hypertrophy, left-sided heart failure, pulmonary HTN, right
ventricular hypertrophy and right-sided heart failure.
, A patient presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. An echocardiogram
shows a restrictive filling pattern of the left ventricle. Which of the following diagnoses is correct? -
Correct Answer Diastolic Heart Failure
A dilated ventricle is visible on an echocardiogram in..... - Correct Answer dilated cardiomyopathy
A 56-year-old male presents to the ED with a complaint of chest pain. He has no prior medical
history. One exam he has a holosystolic murmur with an S3 heart sound. Troponin levels are
elevated. Which pathological condition best explains the clinical manifestations? - Correct Answer
Papillary muscle rupture secondary to cardiac infarction.
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with right sided heart failure? - Correct Answer
Jugular Vein Distention, Peripheral Edema and Right Atrial Hypertrophy
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with left sided heart failure? - Correct Answer
Pulmonary edema, hypoxia and a MAP of 70mmHg are more consistent with left sided systolic heart
failure.
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with right diastolic heart failure of the left
ventricle? - Correct Answer An EF of 50% and a restrictive filling pattern is consistent with diastolic
heart failure of the left ventricle.
Intermittent claudication is a sign of - Correct Answer peripheral arterial disease.
A 72-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and systolic heart failure. He has
never been diagnosed with hypertension and his physical exam is normal. What is the most likely
cause of his heart failure? - Correct Answer Coronary Artery Disease
The most likely cause of this patient's heart failure is chronic ischemic changes secondary to coronary
artery disease. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for the development of coronary artery disease.
A 76-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with a complaint of syncope. Diagnostic evaluation
reveals that she has an atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 160. Which statement below best
explains the reason why this patient had a syncopal episode. - Correct Answer A decrease in cardiac
output caused a decrease in cerebral perfusion.
WITH 100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of which ion? -
Correct Answer Calcium
Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of calcium. The
greater the amount of intracellular calcium, the greater the contraction
A 74-year-old female presents to the emergency department after having a syncopal episode. On
examination the patient is noted to have a systolic murmur at the second intercostal space, right of
the sternal border which radiates to the neck. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the
syncope? - Correct Answer Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis is more common in females and the elderly. An aortic stenosis causes a decrease in
cerebral perfusion which may result in syncope.
What are the clinical manifestations of Mitral Regurgitation? - Correct Answer Systolic murmurs
which radiate to the axilla originate from the mitral valve. A valve which has regurgitation allows
some blood to flow back through the valve during the cardiac cycle.
At which age, after birth, is pulmonary resistance equal to that of an adult? - Correct Answer 8 weeks
Which patient is at the most risk for developing heart failure? - Correct Answer A 45-year-old male
with a history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, and CAD.
An 84-year-old female patient with a history of severe aortic stenosis is going to surgery tomorrow
for a repair of a right hip fracture. Which of the following complications is the patient most likely to
have post-operatively? - Correct Answer Pulmonary edema
Aortic Stenosis - Correct Answer Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve. Blood from the left
ventricle passes through the aortic valve into the aorta to perfuse the body. The more severe the
narrowing of the aortic valve, the less blood moves through the valve to perfuse the body. As a result
blood backs up in the left ventricle and over time causes left ventricular hypertrophy. The backup of
blood will also eventually cause left atrial hypertrophy, left-sided heart failure, pulmonary HTN, right
ventricular hypertrophy and right-sided heart failure.
, A patient presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. An echocardiogram
shows a restrictive filling pattern of the left ventricle. Which of the following diagnoses is correct? -
Correct Answer Diastolic Heart Failure
A dilated ventricle is visible on an echocardiogram in..... - Correct Answer dilated cardiomyopathy
A 56-year-old male presents to the ED with a complaint of chest pain. He has no prior medical
history. One exam he has a holosystolic murmur with an S3 heart sound. Troponin levels are
elevated. Which pathological condition best explains the clinical manifestations? - Correct Answer
Papillary muscle rupture secondary to cardiac infarction.
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with right sided heart failure? - Correct Answer
Jugular Vein Distention, Peripheral Edema and Right Atrial Hypertrophy
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with left sided heart failure? - Correct Answer
Pulmonary edema, hypoxia and a MAP of 70mmHg are more consistent with left sided systolic heart
failure.
Which set of clinical manifestations are consistent with right diastolic heart failure of the left
ventricle? - Correct Answer An EF of 50% and a restrictive filling pattern is consistent with diastolic
heart failure of the left ventricle.
Intermittent claudication is a sign of - Correct Answer peripheral arterial disease.
A 72-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and systolic heart failure. He has
never been diagnosed with hypertension and his physical exam is normal. What is the most likely
cause of his heart failure? - Correct Answer Coronary Artery Disease
The most likely cause of this patient's heart failure is chronic ischemic changes secondary to coronary
artery disease. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for the development of coronary artery disease.
A 76-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with a complaint of syncope. Diagnostic evaluation
reveals that she has an atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 160. Which statement below best
explains the reason why this patient had a syncopal episode. - Correct Answer A decrease in cardiac
output caused a decrease in cerebral perfusion.
