Combined Immunology HMX Exam Practice Questions and Answers

Combined Immunology HMX Exam Practice Questions and Answers _____________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another - Answer️️ -Transplantation _________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one individual to another - Answer️️ -Transfusion _________________ transplant is the most common transplantation - Answer️️ -kidney _____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion - Answer️️ -red blood cell Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not inherit. This means individuals will have different proteins based on these different genes. These differences are called ______________________ - Answer️️ -polymorphisms In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then there might be a difference in proteins between each person. So, when an organ is transplanted, the recipient's immune system can detect the transplanted cells as non-self and lead an attack against them. This attack involves ________________ and ____ cells and is called an ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 2 ___________________ ________________ _______________ - Answer️️ - antibodies T cells allogeneic immune response The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after transplantation cause inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign invader, like a microbe. This leads to injury/death of the implanted organ. This is called _________________ _______________ - Answer️️ -transplant rejection The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the _____________________ ___________________ _________________ genes. - Answer️️ -major histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes) MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins - Answer️️ -DP DQ DR MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ - Answer️️ -A B ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 3 C If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal functioning versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over ______________ alleles - Answer️️ -5,000 HLA-B has over _______________ alleles - Answer️️ -2,500 _______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation - Answer️️ -MHC ______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one person to another - Answer️️ -RBCs The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or _________ - Answer️️ -A B AB O If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have antibodies that recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has natural ______ antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type O has antibodies that recognize the ________ and _______ antigen. Type AB has _________ antibodies - Answer️️ -IgM ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 4 B A A B neither If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can cause trouble. For example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B, then the recipient with type B (who has antibodies against type A) will cause the destruction of type A blood either by ___________________ activation or _________________. This is called a ____________________ ________________ - Answer️️ -complement phagocytosis transfusion reaction ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 5 Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important for transplant compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary mediators of transplant rejection. 1. B lymphocytes 2. T lymphocytes 3. macrophages 4. neutrophils - Answer️️ -2. T lymphocytes A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could choose from several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case. Who is the donor? 1. the patient's twin brother 2. the patient's spouse 3. the patient's son 4. the patient - Answer️️ -4. the patient Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with transfusion reactions? (select two answers) ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 6 1. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 2. complement activation 3. CTL degranulation 4. neutralization 5. opsonization - Answer️️ -2. complement activation 5. opsonization The antigens of the ABO blood groups are: 1. carbohydrates. 2. nucleic acids. 3. proteins. 4. lipids. - Answer️️ -1. carbohydrates. To predict the chances of transplant rejection, three HLA proteins are the most important: __________, ___________ and __________ - Answer️️ - HLA-A HLA-B DR ___________ ____________ is used to reduce chances of rejection. We can match proteins of the donor an