©SOPHIABENNET@2024-2025 Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM
HMX biochemistry Exam Study Guide
with Complete Solutions
activation energy - Answer✔️✔️-energy needed to get a reaction started
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - Answer✔️✔️-respresented in
a reaction coordinate diagram. Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable.
Negative is thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release energy). =
G(products) - G(reactants)
enzyme - Answer✔️✔️-catalyze chemical reaction. Lower activation energy.
Biological catalyst (protein)
enzyme inhibition - Answer✔️✔️-results in decrease in activity of that
enzyme, reaising activation enregy of reaction it catalyzes
enzyme activation - Answer✔️✔️-results in increase in activity of that
enzyme, lowering activation energy of reaction it catalyzes
equilibrium - Answer✔️✔️-when rate of forward and reverse reactions are
same. Concentration of products and reactants don't change appreciably
over time but reaction is going. On average, same # of A + B reactions and
C splitting reactions occurring a given period of time
Gibbs' Free Energy (G) - Answer✔️✔️-property of a molecule that reflects its
capacity to do work. Determined by potential energy stored in chemical
bonds and concentration/physical parameters (temperature)
1
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glycolysis - Answer✔️✔️-central pathway in breakdown of carbs for energy.
Series of 10 reactions. 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvate. - change in G of whole
pathway but some reactions have positive change in G. Net formation of 2
ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose
isomerization - Answer✔️✔️-one molecule is transformed into another
molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but atoms have a different
arrangement. ABC --> BAC. Chemical formula doesn't change but atoms
are rearranged.
Kinase - Answer✔️✔️-enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a molecule is
phosphorylated. Ex. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose.
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of
phosphofructose (Fructose 6-phosphate)
Le Chatelier's principle - Answer✔️✔️-when a system is initially at
equilibrium, then perturbed away from equilibrium, it will counteract the
perturbation to move back towards equilibrium (change in G not equal to
0), either forward or reverse reaction is more thermodynamically favorable.
Low activation energy
negative feedback - Answer✔️✔️-results of some process serve to counteract
that process. maintains a variable in a narrow range at homeostasis.
net reaction - Answer✔️✔️-sum total of all chemical changes that occur if
molecules are consumed in one reaction but produced in another in equal
quantity, they aren't included
2
, ©SOPHIABENNET@2024-2025 Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM
phosphatase - Answer✔️✔️-enzymes that remove phosphates from
molecules
products - Answer✔️✔️-substance formed as a result of chemical reaction.
Right
reactants - Answer✔️✔️-starting materials for a reaction. Undergo a chemical
change. Left
reaction coordinate diagram - Answer✔️✔️-tells whether reaction is
thermodynamically favorable or unfavorable
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - Answer✔️✔️-adenosine & 2 phosphate
groups
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Answer✔️✔️-energy currency of life, high
energy molecule that stores energy we need to do anything. Universal unit
of energy exhange
glucose - Answer✔️✔️-simple sugar which is an important energy source in
living organisms. Component of many carbs. Reactant of glycolysis.
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Answer✔️✔️-coenzyme in all
living cells. Required for fundamental biological processes. Oxidized form
NADH - Answer✔️✔️-reduced form. Shuttle for electrons during cellular
respiration. universal unit of energy exchange
Pyruvate - Answer✔️✔️-2 formed by glycolysis. Inhibit/Regulate PFK-1
3
HMX biochemistry Exam Study Guide
with Complete Solutions
activation energy - Answer✔️✔️-energy needed to get a reaction started
Delta G (change in G - change in free energy) - Answer✔️✔️-respresented in
a reaction coordinate diagram. Positive is thermodynamically unfavorable.
Negative is thermodynamically favorable (exergonic - release energy). =
G(products) - G(reactants)
enzyme - Answer✔️✔️-catalyze chemical reaction. Lower activation energy.
Biological catalyst (protein)
enzyme inhibition - Answer✔️✔️-results in decrease in activity of that
enzyme, reaising activation enregy of reaction it catalyzes
enzyme activation - Answer✔️✔️-results in increase in activity of that
enzyme, lowering activation energy of reaction it catalyzes
equilibrium - Answer✔️✔️-when rate of forward and reverse reactions are
same. Concentration of products and reactants don't change appreciably
over time but reaction is going. On average, same # of A + B reactions and
C splitting reactions occurring a given period of time
Gibbs' Free Energy (G) - Answer✔️✔️-property of a molecule that reflects its
capacity to do work. Determined by potential energy stored in chemical
bonds and concentration/physical parameters (temperature)
1
, ©SOPHIABENNET@2024-2025 Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM
glycolysis - Answer✔️✔️-central pathway in breakdown of carbs for energy.
Series of 10 reactions. 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvate. - change in G of whole
pathway but some reactions have positive change in G. Net formation of 2
ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose
isomerization - Answer✔️✔️-one molecule is transformed into another
molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but atoms have a different
arrangement. ABC --> BAC. Chemical formula doesn't change but atoms
are rearranged.
Kinase - Answer✔️✔️-enzymes that catalyze reactions in which a molecule is
phosphorylated. Ex. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose.
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of
phosphofructose (Fructose 6-phosphate)
Le Chatelier's principle - Answer✔️✔️-when a system is initially at
equilibrium, then perturbed away from equilibrium, it will counteract the
perturbation to move back towards equilibrium (change in G not equal to
0), either forward or reverse reaction is more thermodynamically favorable.
Low activation energy
negative feedback - Answer✔️✔️-results of some process serve to counteract
that process. maintains a variable in a narrow range at homeostasis.
net reaction - Answer✔️✔️-sum total of all chemical changes that occur if
molecules are consumed in one reaction but produced in another in equal
quantity, they aren't included
2
, ©SOPHIABENNET@2024-2025 Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM
phosphatase - Answer✔️✔️-enzymes that remove phosphates from
molecules
products - Answer✔️✔️-substance formed as a result of chemical reaction.
Right
reactants - Answer✔️✔️-starting materials for a reaction. Undergo a chemical
change. Left
reaction coordinate diagram - Answer✔️✔️-tells whether reaction is
thermodynamically favorable or unfavorable
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - Answer✔️✔️-adenosine & 2 phosphate
groups
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Answer✔️✔️-energy currency of life, high
energy molecule that stores energy we need to do anything. Universal unit
of energy exhange
glucose - Answer✔️✔️-simple sugar which is an important energy source in
living organisms. Component of many carbs. Reactant of glycolysis.
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Answer✔️✔️-coenzyme in all
living cells. Required for fundamental biological processes. Oxidized form
NADH - Answer✔️✔️-reduced form. Shuttle for electrons during cellular
respiration. universal unit of energy exchange
Pyruvate - Answer✔️✔️-2 formed by glycolysis. Inhibit/Regulate PFK-1
3
