Patho Exam 1 - UNMC Nursing Latest
Update
Nociceptors - Answer peripheral pain receptors - impulse starts
Afferent Fibers - Answer A-delta & C fibers (dull aching)
Spinal Cord (dorsal horn/substantia Gelatinosa) - Answer region w/ substance P -
descending efferent input from BRAIN modulate pain at the spinal cord
Brain - Answer for interpretation
pain is the perception of nociceptive events - this means? - Answer impulse must get to
brain and be interpreted before pain is perceived/felt
Gate Control Theory of Pain - L fibers - Answer Large diameter fibers
- conduct impulses fast
- attempt to excite/depolarize/stimulate T cells & SG
- A delta fibers
- stimulation = relaxation, breathing
Gate Control Theory of Pain - S Fibers - Answer Small diameter fibers
- conduct impulses slower
- attempt to excite T cells & inhibit SG (decrease pain perception)
- A-delta & C fibers
- stimulation = anxiety, stress
Gate Control Theory of Pain - SG - Answer Substantia Gelatinosa
- attempt to inhibit T cell
- good to stimulate
Gate Control Theory of Pain - T - Answer Central Transmission
- receives all input
- the more excitation of a T cell, the more pain is felt
- want to AVOID stimulation of t cell
- is inhibited by SG which is stimulated by L
,Gate Control Theory of Pain - Close Gate - Answer Decrease Pain
- stimulate SG
- stimulate L fibers
- inhibit S fibers
- inhibit T cells
Gate Control Theory of Pain - Open Gate - Answer Increase Pain
- stimulate S fibers
- inhibit L fibers
- inhibit SG
potentiate T cells
Normal Osmotic Equilibrium - in regard to fluid balance - Answer - equal in
concentration, NOT volume
- involves primarily osmotic forcers (concentrations & their ability to equalize)
- water moves across membrane toward hypertonic to help dilute the solute down
- increase & decrease in volume cause cells to either shrink or swell
addition of a HYPOTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ECF to ICF
- volume increases in the ICF & decreases in the ECF (cell swells)
- In order summarized - move to ICF, lowers blood volume, cells swell
addition of a HYPERTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ICF to ECF
- volume increases in ECF & decreases in the ICF (cell shrinks)
- in order summarized - higher blood volume, move to ECF, cells shrink, established
osmotic equilibrium
capillary hydrostatic pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary (strongest
force favoring on the arterial side)
- pushing of fluid inside the capillary against the walls
-pressure depends on volume of blood and flow of fluid
- C H I O favor
- these are "big"
, Root Words - hydro - Answer push out fluid
Root Words - oncotic - Answer pulls fluid towards them
Interstitial Oncotic Pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary
- osmotic pull ( molecules want company)
- in interstitial space
- burn victims
- these are small
Capillary Oncotic Pressure - Answer - opposes water in capillary
- osmotic pull inside the capillary
- big
- large proteins
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - Answer - pushing of fluid in interstitial space against
walls
- pressure depends on volume (ex. edema pushes on walls)
- small
What happens when altered? - High BP - Answer - capillary hydrostatic pressure
increases
- causes increased pressure against capillary walls
- favors filtration ( water moving OUT of the capillary)
What happens when altered? - Larger blood volume - Answer - capillary hydrostatic
pressure increases
- causes increased pressure against capillary walls
- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)
What happens when altered? - Malnutrition/Lower protein concentration in blood -
Answer - capillary oncotic pressure decreases
- proteins NOT pulling from inside capillary
- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)
What happens when altered? Increased capillary permeability/burns
- capillary channels open. proteins and fluids leak out - Answer - capillary oncotic
Update
Nociceptors - Answer peripheral pain receptors - impulse starts
Afferent Fibers - Answer A-delta & C fibers (dull aching)
Spinal Cord (dorsal horn/substantia Gelatinosa) - Answer region w/ substance P -
descending efferent input from BRAIN modulate pain at the spinal cord
Brain - Answer for interpretation
pain is the perception of nociceptive events - this means? - Answer impulse must get to
brain and be interpreted before pain is perceived/felt
Gate Control Theory of Pain - L fibers - Answer Large diameter fibers
- conduct impulses fast
- attempt to excite/depolarize/stimulate T cells & SG
- A delta fibers
- stimulation = relaxation, breathing
Gate Control Theory of Pain - S Fibers - Answer Small diameter fibers
- conduct impulses slower
- attempt to excite T cells & inhibit SG (decrease pain perception)
- A-delta & C fibers
- stimulation = anxiety, stress
Gate Control Theory of Pain - SG - Answer Substantia Gelatinosa
- attempt to inhibit T cell
- good to stimulate
Gate Control Theory of Pain - T - Answer Central Transmission
- receives all input
- the more excitation of a T cell, the more pain is felt
- want to AVOID stimulation of t cell
- is inhibited by SG which is stimulated by L
,Gate Control Theory of Pain - Close Gate - Answer Decrease Pain
- stimulate SG
- stimulate L fibers
- inhibit S fibers
- inhibit T cells
Gate Control Theory of Pain - Open Gate - Answer Increase Pain
- stimulate S fibers
- inhibit L fibers
- inhibit SG
potentiate T cells
Normal Osmotic Equilibrium - in regard to fluid balance - Answer - equal in
concentration, NOT volume
- involves primarily osmotic forcers (concentrations & their ability to equalize)
- water moves across membrane toward hypertonic to help dilute the solute down
- increase & decrease in volume cause cells to either shrink or swell
addition of a HYPOTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ECF to ICF
- volume increases in the ICF & decreases in the ECF (cell swells)
- In order summarized - move to ICF, lowers blood volume, cells swell
addition of a HYPERTONIC solution to the ECF - Answer - water moves from ICF to ECF
- volume increases in ECF & decreases in the ICF (cell shrinks)
- in order summarized - higher blood volume, move to ECF, cells shrink, established
osmotic equilibrium
capillary hydrostatic pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary (strongest
force favoring on the arterial side)
- pushing of fluid inside the capillary against the walls
-pressure depends on volume of blood and flow of fluid
- C H I O favor
- these are "big"
, Root Words - hydro - Answer push out fluid
Root Words - oncotic - Answer pulls fluid towards them
Interstitial Oncotic Pressure - Answer - favor water out of the capillary
- osmotic pull ( molecules want company)
- in interstitial space
- burn victims
- these are small
Capillary Oncotic Pressure - Answer - opposes water in capillary
- osmotic pull inside the capillary
- big
- large proteins
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - Answer - pushing of fluid in interstitial space against
walls
- pressure depends on volume (ex. edema pushes on walls)
- small
What happens when altered? - High BP - Answer - capillary hydrostatic pressure
increases
- causes increased pressure against capillary walls
- favors filtration ( water moving OUT of the capillary)
What happens when altered? - Larger blood volume - Answer - capillary hydrostatic
pressure increases
- causes increased pressure against capillary walls
- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)
What happens when altered? - Malnutrition/Lower protein concentration in blood -
Answer - capillary oncotic pressure decreases
- proteins NOT pulling from inside capillary
- favors filtration (water moving out of the capillary)
What happens when altered? Increased capillary permeability/burns
- capillary channels open. proteins and fluids leak out - Answer - capillary oncotic
