©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
MCPHS A&P 1 - Exam 1 Study Guide
Anatomy - answer✔✔Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
Physiology - answer✔✔Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Systemic Anatomy - answer✔✔Studied system by system
Surface Anatomy - answer✔✔External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in
anatomic imaging
Cytology - answer✔✔Cellular anatomy
Histology - answer✔✔Study of tissues
Microscopic anatomy - answer✔✔Includes cytology and histology; structures that must be
examined with a microscope
Cell Physiology - answer✔✔Exams processes in cells
Systemic Physiology - answer✔✔Functions of organ systems
Nuerophysiology - answer✔✔Focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology - answer✔✔The heart and blood vessels
Pathology - answer✔✔Structural and functional changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology - answer✔✔Changes in structure and function caused by exercise
Chemical Level - answer✔✔Interaction of atoms
Cell Level - answer✔✔Structural and functional unit of living organisms
Tissue Level - answer✔✔Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Organ Level - answer✔✔One or more tissues functioning together
Organ System Level - answer✔✔Group of organs functioning together
Organism level - answer✔✔Any Living Thing
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body - answer✔✔atoms -> molecules ->
cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
Major Organs of the Body - answer✔✔Brain, spinal cord, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas,
stomach, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder
Integumentary System Functions - answer✔✔Provide protection, regulate temperature, prevents
water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary System - answer✔✔Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Skeletal System Functions - answer✔✔Provides protection and support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats
Skeletal System - answer✔✔Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Muscular System Functions - answer✔✔Produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat
Muscular System - answer✔✔Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Lymphatic System Functions - answer✔✔Removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System - answer✔✔Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
lymphatic organs
Respiratory System Functions - answer✔✔Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory System - answer✔✔Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Digestive System Functions - answer✔✔Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Digestive System - answer✔✔Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and
accessory organ
Nervous System Functions - answer✔✔A major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous System - answer✔✔Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Endocrine System Functions - answer✔✔A major regulatory system that influences metabolism,
growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine System - answer✔✔Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Cardiovascular System Functions - answer✔✔Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body
temperature
Cardiovascular System - answer✔✔Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Urinary System Functions - answer✔✔Remove waste products from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and water
Urinary System - answer✔✔Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Female Reproductive System Functions - answer✔✔Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn; produces hormones that
influence sexual function and behaviors
Female Reproductive System - answer✔✔Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,
and associated structures
Male Reproductive System Functions - answer✔✔Produces and transfers sperm cells to the
female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System - answer✔✔Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and
penis
Characteristics of Life - answer✔✔Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth,
Development, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, Reproduction
Organization - answer✔✔Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
Metabolism - answer✔✔All chemical reactions of the body
Responsiveness - answer✔✔Abiilty to sense changes and adjust
Growth - answer✔✔Increases in size and/or number of cells
Development - answer✔✔Changes in an organism over time
Differentiation - answer✔✔Changes from general to specific
Morphogenesis - answer✔✔Changes in shape of tissues, organs
Reproduction - answer✔✔New cells or new organisms
Biomedical Research - answer✔✔Shared characteristics between living things drive research
Mammalian Research - answer✔✔Furthers human surgery and medicine
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Homeostasis - answer✔✔Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the
body
Set Point - answer✔✔The ideal normal value of a variable
Negative Feedback - answer✔✔Regulates most systems in the body; counteracts a change in a
variable to help maintain homeostasis; uses a receptor, control center, and effector
Stimulus - answer✔✔Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
Negative Feedback Mechanism: Body Temperature - answer✔✔1. Receptors monitor the value
of a variable (skin monitors body temperature). 2. Information about the value of the variable is
sent to the control center; the control center (brain) compares the value against the set point. 3. If
a response is necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond (sweat glands). 4. Once
the value of the variable has returned to the set point the control center shuts off its control of the
effector (sweating stops). [decreased temp = decrease stimulation of sweat glands and blood
vessels constrict; skeletal muscle contractions cause shivering]
Changes of Blood Pressure During Exercise - answer✔✔See Diagram
Positive Feedback - answer✔✔When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation
greater; unusual in normal, healthy individuals
Normal Positive Feedback - answer✔✔Childbirth
Harmful Positive Feedback - answer✔✔After hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart's
ability to pump blood decreases
Positive Feedback Diagram - answer✔✔See Diagram
Negative Feedback Diagram - answer✔✔See Diagram
Anatomical Position - answer✔✔Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Supine - answer✔✔Lying face forward
Prone - answer✔✔Lying face downward
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) - answer✔✔Toward or away from the head
Medial vs Lateral - answer✔✔Relative to the midline
Proximal vs Distal - answer✔✔Used to describe linear structures
Superficial vs Deep - answer✔✔Relative to the surface of the body
MCPHS A&P 1 - Exam 1 Study Guide
Anatomy - answer✔✔Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
Physiology - answer✔✔Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Systemic Anatomy - answer✔✔Studied system by system
Surface Anatomy - answer✔✔External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in
anatomic imaging
Cytology - answer✔✔Cellular anatomy
Histology - answer✔✔Study of tissues
Microscopic anatomy - answer✔✔Includes cytology and histology; structures that must be
examined with a microscope
Cell Physiology - answer✔✔Exams processes in cells
Systemic Physiology - answer✔✔Functions of organ systems
Nuerophysiology - answer✔✔Focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology - answer✔✔The heart and blood vessels
Pathology - answer✔✔Structural and functional changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology - answer✔✔Changes in structure and function caused by exercise
Chemical Level - answer✔✔Interaction of atoms
Cell Level - answer✔✔Structural and functional unit of living organisms
Tissue Level - answer✔✔Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Organ Level - answer✔✔One or more tissues functioning together
Organ System Level - answer✔✔Group of organs functioning together
Organism level - answer✔✔Any Living Thing
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body - answer✔✔atoms -> molecules ->
cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
Major Organs of the Body - answer✔✔Brain, spinal cord, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas,
stomach, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder
Integumentary System Functions - answer✔✔Provide protection, regulate temperature, prevents
water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary System - answer✔✔Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Skeletal System Functions - answer✔✔Provides protection and support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats
Skeletal System - answer✔✔Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Muscular System Functions - answer✔✔Produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat
Muscular System - answer✔✔Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Lymphatic System Functions - answer✔✔Removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System - answer✔✔Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
lymphatic organs
Respiratory System Functions - answer✔✔Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory System - answer✔✔Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Digestive System Functions - answer✔✔Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Digestive System - answer✔✔Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and
accessory organ
Nervous System Functions - answer✔✔A major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous System - answer✔✔Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Endocrine System Functions - answer✔✔A major regulatory system that influences metabolism,
growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine System - answer✔✔Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Cardiovascular System Functions - answer✔✔Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body
temperature
Cardiovascular System - answer✔✔Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Urinary System Functions - answer✔✔Remove waste products from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and water
Urinary System - answer✔✔Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Female Reproductive System Functions - answer✔✔Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn; produces hormones that
influence sexual function and behaviors
Female Reproductive System - answer✔✔Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,
and associated structures
Male Reproductive System Functions - answer✔✔Produces and transfers sperm cells to the
female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System - answer✔✔Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and
penis
Characteristics of Life - answer✔✔Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth,
Development, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, Reproduction
Organization - answer✔✔Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
Metabolism - answer✔✔All chemical reactions of the body
Responsiveness - answer✔✔Abiilty to sense changes and adjust
Growth - answer✔✔Increases in size and/or number of cells
Development - answer✔✔Changes in an organism over time
Differentiation - answer✔✔Changes from general to specific
Morphogenesis - answer✔✔Changes in shape of tissues, organs
Reproduction - answer✔✔New cells or new organisms
Biomedical Research - answer✔✔Shared characteristics between living things drive research
Mammalian Research - answer✔✔Furthers human surgery and medicine
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/27/2024 12:01 PM
Homeostasis - answer✔✔Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the
body
Set Point - answer✔✔The ideal normal value of a variable
Negative Feedback - answer✔✔Regulates most systems in the body; counteracts a change in a
variable to help maintain homeostasis; uses a receptor, control center, and effector
Stimulus - answer✔✔Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
Negative Feedback Mechanism: Body Temperature - answer✔✔1. Receptors monitor the value
of a variable (skin monitors body temperature). 2. Information about the value of the variable is
sent to the control center; the control center (brain) compares the value against the set point. 3. If
a response is necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond (sweat glands). 4. Once
the value of the variable has returned to the set point the control center shuts off its control of the
effector (sweating stops). [decreased temp = decrease stimulation of sweat glands and blood
vessels constrict; skeletal muscle contractions cause shivering]
Changes of Blood Pressure During Exercise - answer✔✔See Diagram
Positive Feedback - answer✔✔When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation
greater; unusual in normal, healthy individuals
Normal Positive Feedback - answer✔✔Childbirth
Harmful Positive Feedback - answer✔✔After hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart's
ability to pump blood decreases
Positive Feedback Diagram - answer✔✔See Diagram
Negative Feedback Diagram - answer✔✔See Diagram
Anatomical Position - answer✔✔Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Supine - answer✔✔Lying face forward
Prone - answer✔✔Lying face downward
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) - answer✔✔Toward or away from the head
Medial vs Lateral - answer✔✔Relative to the midline
Proximal vs Distal - answer✔✔Used to describe linear structures
Superficial vs Deep - answer✔✔Relative to the surface of the body
