BBH 451 Exam 4 Learn Questions and
100% Correct Answers
___________ is rapidly absorbed via any route of administration, but of course the most
common route of administration is smoking. ✅Nicotine
What are the other two ways that nicotine is administered? ✅across mucous
membranes (through the use of chewing tobacco) and transdermally (with nicotine
patches to help with attempts to quit smoking)
Only about ____% of the nicotine in an average cigarette actually makes it into the
bloodstream ✅20
Cigarettes contain, on average, about 10 mg of nicotine, smokers only take in about
_____ mg of nicotine per cigarette. ✅1-2
The lethal dose of _________. ✅60 mg
Nicotine can also be absorbed _________, meaning if someone is in the vicinity of a lit
cigarette and they inhale cigarette smoke then nicotine will also end up in their
bloodstream. ✅passively
Nicotine is primarily metabolized by a group of cytochrome p450 enzymes called
________ enzymes ✅CYP2A6
The primary metabolite produced in Nicotine metabolism called _______. ✅cotinine
The half-life for nicotine is relatively short, and in a regular smoker is around
__________. ✅2 hours
Nicotine acts in the ____________ and ____________. ✅PNS ; CNS
Nicotine acts on the receptors for _______________. ✅acetylcholine
This group of ionotropic receptors nicotine acts at are called ___________. ✅nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
The ___________ refers to smokers often claiming that smoking makes them feel more
relaxed, which is somewhat surprising because the effects of the drug on the PNS are
to cause increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. ✅Nesbitt's Paradox
, One of nicotine's actions in the CNS is to _________ dopamine release in the nucleus
accumbens. ✅increase
True or False: Smokers often describe feeling relaxed after smoking due to the
activation of nAChRs in the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to the release of
epinephrine and norephinephrine. ✅True
Nicotine can also cause increased release of the neurotransmitter __________, which
is thought to improve cognitive performance by enhancing memory and focus
✅acetylcholine
Nicotine also can have aversive effects at high doses. These include _______,
________, and ________. ✅dizziness ; nausea ; vomiting
__________ widely considered to be among the most addictive drugs. However, when
the drug is studied in the laboratory the results do not always support this assertion.
✅Nicotine
In humans, there may be things like _______ factors that play an important role in
nicotine addiction. ✅social
The chronic use of nicotine does produce a recognizable ________ syndrome, during
which users may experience strong cravings, irritability, difficult concentrating,
increased appetite and weight gain, and insomnia. ✅withdrawal
The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal usually start within a _________ of the last use of
the drug, and may last for ________. ✅couple hours ; days to weeks.
What is a common side effect of nicotine cessation? ✅weight gain of an average of 8-
11 pounds
Negative health effects of nicotine use include ________, ________, ______, and
__________. ✅lung cancer ; cardiovascular disease ; pulmonary disease ; type 2
diabetes
Smoking is linked to negative effects on ______ and causes ______ to age
prematurely. ✅vision ; skin
When a woman smokes during pregnancy, there is an increased risk of ____________
and _____________. ✅premature birth ; low birth weight
True or False: Women who smoke during pregnancy are also more likely to experience
a number of pregnancy-related complications. ✅True
100% Correct Answers
___________ is rapidly absorbed via any route of administration, but of course the most
common route of administration is smoking. ✅Nicotine
What are the other two ways that nicotine is administered? ✅across mucous
membranes (through the use of chewing tobacco) and transdermally (with nicotine
patches to help with attempts to quit smoking)
Only about ____% of the nicotine in an average cigarette actually makes it into the
bloodstream ✅20
Cigarettes contain, on average, about 10 mg of nicotine, smokers only take in about
_____ mg of nicotine per cigarette. ✅1-2
The lethal dose of _________. ✅60 mg
Nicotine can also be absorbed _________, meaning if someone is in the vicinity of a lit
cigarette and they inhale cigarette smoke then nicotine will also end up in their
bloodstream. ✅passively
Nicotine is primarily metabolized by a group of cytochrome p450 enzymes called
________ enzymes ✅CYP2A6
The primary metabolite produced in Nicotine metabolism called _______. ✅cotinine
The half-life for nicotine is relatively short, and in a regular smoker is around
__________. ✅2 hours
Nicotine acts in the ____________ and ____________. ✅PNS ; CNS
Nicotine acts on the receptors for _______________. ✅acetylcholine
This group of ionotropic receptors nicotine acts at are called ___________. ✅nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
The ___________ refers to smokers often claiming that smoking makes them feel more
relaxed, which is somewhat surprising because the effects of the drug on the PNS are
to cause increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. ✅Nesbitt's Paradox
, One of nicotine's actions in the CNS is to _________ dopamine release in the nucleus
accumbens. ✅increase
True or False: Smokers often describe feeling relaxed after smoking due to the
activation of nAChRs in the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to the release of
epinephrine and norephinephrine. ✅True
Nicotine can also cause increased release of the neurotransmitter __________, which
is thought to improve cognitive performance by enhancing memory and focus
✅acetylcholine
Nicotine also can have aversive effects at high doses. These include _______,
________, and ________. ✅dizziness ; nausea ; vomiting
__________ widely considered to be among the most addictive drugs. However, when
the drug is studied in the laboratory the results do not always support this assertion.
✅Nicotine
In humans, there may be things like _______ factors that play an important role in
nicotine addiction. ✅social
The chronic use of nicotine does produce a recognizable ________ syndrome, during
which users may experience strong cravings, irritability, difficult concentrating,
increased appetite and weight gain, and insomnia. ✅withdrawal
The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal usually start within a _________ of the last use of
the drug, and may last for ________. ✅couple hours ; days to weeks.
What is a common side effect of nicotine cessation? ✅weight gain of an average of 8-
11 pounds
Negative health effects of nicotine use include ________, ________, ______, and
__________. ✅lung cancer ; cardiovascular disease ; pulmonary disease ; type 2
diabetes
Smoking is linked to negative effects on ______ and causes ______ to age
prematurely. ✅vision ; skin
When a woman smokes during pregnancy, there is an increased risk of ____________
and _____________. ✅premature birth ; low birth weight
True or False: Women who smoke during pregnancy are also more likely to experience
a number of pregnancy-related complications. ✅True
