NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS




Ovarian /cancer /site /of /metastasis? /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Peritoneal
/surfaces,
/omentum /(fold /of /peritoneum /connecting /the /stomach /with /other /abdominal /organs), /*liver*


The /increased /NADH/NAD+ /ratio /in /the /liver /from /ethanol /causes: /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
1. /Pyruvate /--> /lactic /acid, /causing /lactic /acidosis

2. /Oxaloacetate /--> /malate. /This /prevents /gluconeogenesis /and /leads /to /hypoglycemia

3. /Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate /--
>
/glycerol
/3-
/phosphate
/and /combines /with /fatty /acids /to /form /triglycerides /in /the /liver, /known /as /hepatosteatosis


4. /Decreases /citric /acid /cycle /production /of /NADH /and /leads /to /using /Acetyl-
CoA /for /ketogenesis /and /lipogenesis

What /can /Reactive /Oxygen /Species /cause? /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Heart
/disease,
/Alzheimers,
/Parkinsons,
/Amyotrophic
/Lateral
/Sclerosis
/(ALS),
/CV
/disease,

,/HTN,
/HLD,
/DM,
/ischemic
/heart
/disease,
/HF, /OSA. /Lipid /perioxidation, /damage /proteins, /fragment /DNA, /less /*protein /synthesis*, /chromatin
/destruction, /damage /mitochondria


What /is /the /body's /defense /against /ROS? /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-Antioxidants /(Vitamin /E, /Vitamin
/C, /cysteine, /glutathione, /albumin, /ceruloplasmin, /transferrin)


How /are /free /radicals /produced? /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-1. /Normal /cellular /respiration

2. /Absorption /of /extreme /energy /sources /(radiation, /UV /light)

3. /Metabolism /of /exogenous /chemicals, /drugs, /and /pesticides

4. /Transition /of /metals

5. /Nitric /oxide /acting /like /a /chemical /mediator /and /a /free /radical

action /potential /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-Process /of /conducting /an /impulse. /Activates /the /neuron /--
> /the /neuron /depolarizes /--> /then /repolarizes

Threshold /potential /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Point /at /which /depolarization /must /reach /in /order /to /initiate /an /action /potential

Hypokalemia /and /action /potentials /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-HYPERpolarized /(more /negative, /ex. /-
100).
/Less
/excitable.
/Decreased
/neuromuscular /excitability: /weakness, /smooth /muscle /atony, /paresthesia, /cardiac /dysrhythmias


Hyperkalemia /and /action /potentials /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
HYPOpolarized /(more /positive, /ex: /closer /to /0). /More /excitable. /Peaked /T /waves. /

When
/resting
/membrane /potential=threshold /potential, /it /is /BAD /= /cardiac /standstill, /paresthesia, /paralysis


Hypocalcemia /and /action /potentials /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Increased
/permeability
/to /Na+. /More /excitable. /Tetany, /hyperreflexia, /circumoral /paresthesia, /seizures, /dysrhythmias.

, Hypercalcemia /and /action /potentials /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Decreased
/permeability
/to
/Na+.
/Less
/excitable.
/Weakness, /hyporeflexia, /fatigue, /lethargy, /confusion, /encephalopathy, /depressed /T /waves


Atrophy /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-Occurs /as /a /result /of /decrease /in /work /load, /pressure, /use, /blood
/supply,
/nutrition,
/hormonal
/stimulation,
/or
/nervous
/stimulation.
/Once
/the
/cell
/has
/decreased
/in
/size,
/it
/has
/now
/compensated
/for
/decreased
/blood
/supply,
/nerve
/supply,
/nutrient
/supply, /hormonal /supply, /and /has /achieved /new /homeostasis. /Cells /are /alive /but /have /diminished
/function /and /may /lead /to /cellular /death.


Atrophy /examples /- /correct /answers /✔✔ /-
Physiologic /atrophy- /shrinking /of /the /thymus /gland /during /childhood.

Disuse /atrophy- /someone /that /ends /up /being /paralyzed