CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep | Questions and Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+
Graded | 100% Verified
What is the concept defined as the physical and chemical processes the body uses to maintain itself
through catabolism and anabolism (build up versus break down)? - Metabolism
Do alterations in metabolic function affect every system in the body? - YES, it's systemic!
Examples:
1. Nutrition: glucose control, how your diet can also affect thyroid.
2. Elimination: diarrhea or constipation with thyroid disorders.
3. Infection: when protein production is disrupted it increases the risk for infection.
4. Mobility: neuropathy with diabetes.
5. Sensory Perception: again, neuropathy and retinopathy with diabetes.
Why is the Endocrine System important? - The endocrine system is essential to the body's metabolic
functioning and its adaptation to the changing environment.
Which gland of the endocrine system is considered the "master gland" because of the influence it has on
secretions of hormones by OTHER endocrine glands? - The pituitary gland!
It's located on the inferior aspect of the brain and is divided into two lobes: the anterior and posterior
pituitary.
What controls the pituitary gland? - The hypothalamus.
What are the various other anatomic structures involved in metabolic function? - 1. Thyroid gland
2. Islets cells of the Pancreas
,3. Adrenal Glands
4. Parathyroid Gland
5. Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
What are the chemical messengers in the body that cause a specific action? - HORMONES!
They are always present in varying amounts based on needs that change with changes in the
environment
What should be included in the nursing assessment in regards to Metabolism? - 1. *Height and weight*:
ex, can be affected by growth hormone.
2. *Fat distribution*: ex, Cushings where fat is moved tp specific areas of the body such as the face and
between the shoulders (cause a hump-like appearance).
3. *Immunosuppression*.
4. *Vital Signs*.
4. *Musculoskeletal anomalies*: ex, acromegaly (a long-term condition in which there is too much
growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time).
5. *Head, face, neck anomalies*.
6. *Skin, nail, and hair changes*: ex, with Hypothyroidism skin, nail, and hair changes common with
women over 40 (30% affected).
,What system alterations should the nurse expect to see during their assessment in regards to metabolic
disorders? - 1. *Neuro changes*: ex, lack of thermoregulation (body temp control).
2. *Cardiovascular changes*: ex, diabetes can lead to a narrowing of the blood vessels.
3. *GI disturbances*.
4. *GU disturbances*.
5. *Reproductive problems*.
What are the risk factors related to metabolic disorders? - 1. *Age*: ex, anyone over 50 is more prone to
*ALL METABOLIC DISORDERS*.
2. *Gender*: most metabolic disorders more common with FEMALES.
3. *Heredity*: ex, diabetes and thyroid disorders.
4. *Weight*: can be a BIG hint that a metabolic disorder is present.
5. *Environmental exposures*: ex, radiation exposure can damage thyroid function (and also can
increase likelihood of thyroid cancer).
6 *Autoimmune disruption*: ex, Graves Disease (an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of
the thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism) or Hashimoto's (chronic thyroiditis that causes
swelling/inflammation of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function:
hypothyroidism).
7. *Ethnicity/Race*: ex, incidence of certain disorders is increased with particular ethnicities such as
African American WOMEN being at a higher risk for diabetes.
, What are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning? - 1.
*Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning hair (thyroid and sex hormone issue) and
cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Puberty" where sexual and physical
characteristics happen earlier than normal (indicates something is wrong with the sex hormones: prior
to age 8 for girls and 9 for boys), Hyperpituitarism (hypersecretion of pituitary hormones) can lead to
gigantism, and increased weight gain with children can lead to an increased occurrence of Type 2
Diabetes (80% of children who are overweight WILL develop Type 2).
What is Diabetes Mellitus? - A chronic metabolic disease characterized by INCREASED levels of blood
glucose as a result of defects in insulin *secretion* and insulin *action*.
Why has the incidence of diabetes increased in recent years? - Because people as a whole are getting
larger (for Type 2 diabetes) and less mobile.
What is the KEY to decreasing the *incidence* of Diabetes Mellitus? - Prevention (identify symptoms
early).
What is the key to limiting the *cost* of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus? - Containment of
complications! (achieving and maintaining meticulous blood glucose control: the challenging part for
both the nurse and the patient)
It's time to get in depth about the *pancreas*! What is the function of the pancreas in regards to blood
glucose regulation? How does it work? - The pancreas is one of the major organs of the body. It has both
exocrine (produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive pancreatic enzyme) and endocrine (produces
hormones; insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) function.
The endocrine function of the pancreas focuses on its special group of cells known as the *Islets of
Langerhans*. The Islets of Langerhans has three distinct types of cell, the alpha, the beta, and the delta
cells:
1. *Alpha Cells*
The alpha cells secrete *glucagon*. One of the major actions of glucagon is it *stimulates the liver to
convert glycogen (stored glucose) and amino acids to glucose* when blood glucose is *LOW*. The
secretion of glucagon is actually a regulatory mechanism wherein it is released once the body transmits
Graded | 100% Verified
What is the concept defined as the physical and chemical processes the body uses to maintain itself
through catabolism and anabolism (build up versus break down)? - Metabolism
Do alterations in metabolic function affect every system in the body? - YES, it's systemic!
Examples:
1. Nutrition: glucose control, how your diet can also affect thyroid.
2. Elimination: diarrhea or constipation with thyroid disorders.
3. Infection: when protein production is disrupted it increases the risk for infection.
4. Mobility: neuropathy with diabetes.
5. Sensory Perception: again, neuropathy and retinopathy with diabetes.
Why is the Endocrine System important? - The endocrine system is essential to the body's metabolic
functioning and its adaptation to the changing environment.
Which gland of the endocrine system is considered the "master gland" because of the influence it has on
secretions of hormones by OTHER endocrine glands? - The pituitary gland!
It's located on the inferior aspect of the brain and is divided into two lobes: the anterior and posterior
pituitary.
What controls the pituitary gland? - The hypothalamus.
What are the various other anatomic structures involved in metabolic function? - 1. Thyroid gland
2. Islets cells of the Pancreas
,3. Adrenal Glands
4. Parathyroid Gland
5. Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
What are the chemical messengers in the body that cause a specific action? - HORMONES!
They are always present in varying amounts based on needs that change with changes in the
environment
What should be included in the nursing assessment in regards to Metabolism? - 1. *Height and weight*:
ex, can be affected by growth hormone.
2. *Fat distribution*: ex, Cushings where fat is moved tp specific areas of the body such as the face and
between the shoulders (cause a hump-like appearance).
3. *Immunosuppression*.
4. *Vital Signs*.
4. *Musculoskeletal anomalies*: ex, acromegaly (a long-term condition in which there is too much
growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time).
5. *Head, face, neck anomalies*.
6. *Skin, nail, and hair changes*: ex, with Hypothyroidism skin, nail, and hair changes common with
women over 40 (30% affected).
,What system alterations should the nurse expect to see during their assessment in regards to metabolic
disorders? - 1. *Neuro changes*: ex, lack of thermoregulation (body temp control).
2. *Cardiovascular changes*: ex, diabetes can lead to a narrowing of the blood vessels.
3. *GI disturbances*.
4. *GU disturbances*.
5. *Reproductive problems*.
What are the risk factors related to metabolic disorders? - 1. *Age*: ex, anyone over 50 is more prone to
*ALL METABOLIC DISORDERS*.
2. *Gender*: most metabolic disorders more common with FEMALES.
3. *Heredity*: ex, diabetes and thyroid disorders.
4. *Weight*: can be a BIG hint that a metabolic disorder is present.
5. *Environmental exposures*: ex, radiation exposure can damage thyroid function (and also can
increase likelihood of thyroid cancer).
6 *Autoimmune disruption*: ex, Graves Disease (an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of
the thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism) or Hashimoto's (chronic thyroiditis that causes
swelling/inflammation of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function:
hypothyroidism).
7. *Ethnicity/Race*: ex, incidence of certain disorders is increased with particular ethnicities such as
African American WOMEN being at a higher risk for diabetes.
, What are some lifespan considerations that affect an individuals' metabolic functioning? - 1.
*Gerontological Changes*: ex, weight gain, fatigue, thinning hair (thyroid and sex hormone issue) and
cognition changes (irritability).
2. *Changes in Children and Adolescents*: ex, "Precocious Puberty" where sexual and physical
characteristics happen earlier than normal (indicates something is wrong with the sex hormones: prior
to age 8 for girls and 9 for boys), Hyperpituitarism (hypersecretion of pituitary hormones) can lead to
gigantism, and increased weight gain with children can lead to an increased occurrence of Type 2
Diabetes (80% of children who are overweight WILL develop Type 2).
What is Diabetes Mellitus? - A chronic metabolic disease characterized by INCREASED levels of blood
glucose as a result of defects in insulin *secretion* and insulin *action*.
Why has the incidence of diabetes increased in recent years? - Because people as a whole are getting
larger (for Type 2 diabetes) and less mobile.
What is the KEY to decreasing the *incidence* of Diabetes Mellitus? - Prevention (identify symptoms
early).
What is the key to limiting the *cost* of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus? - Containment of
complications! (achieving and maintaining meticulous blood glucose control: the challenging part for
both the nurse and the patient)
It's time to get in depth about the *pancreas*! What is the function of the pancreas in regards to blood
glucose regulation? How does it work? - The pancreas is one of the major organs of the body. It has both
exocrine (produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive pancreatic enzyme) and endocrine (produces
hormones; insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) function.
The endocrine function of the pancreas focuses on its special group of cells known as the *Islets of
Langerhans*. The Islets of Langerhans has three distinct types of cell, the alpha, the beta, and the delta
cells:
1. *Alpha Cells*
The alpha cells secrete *glucagon*. One of the major actions of glucagon is it *stimulates the liver to
convert glycogen (stored glucose) and amino acids to glucose* when blood glucose is *LOW*. The
secretion of glucagon is actually a regulatory mechanism wherein it is released once the body transmits
