MNT Final UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers
What is the GFR in patients with Stage 5 kidney disease? - Correct Answer- less than 15 mL
/min/1.73 m2
The interdialytic weight gain goal in HD patients should not exceed what percentage of body
weight? - Correct Answer- 5%
What is the leading cause of kidney failure? - Correct Answer- diabetes
What weight to utilize for energy and protein recommendations has discrepancies in the
literature. The NKF KDOQI nutrition guidelines recommend that adjusted edema-free body
weight be based on the NHANES II data. This adjusted body weight, according to these
guidelines, should be used when a patient's weight is <___________or > _______________
of standard body weight. - Correct Answer- 95%;115%
Approximately how many kilocalories does KL require daily?
KL is a 45-year-old male admitted to the hospital with an infection. He is on PD secondary to
congenital disease of the kidney. He does not have diabetes.
HT: 6' WT: 170 pounds (77 kg) - Correct Answer- 2,700 kcal
In general, the hemodialysis diet is high in protein and controls intakes of potassium,
phosphorus, fluids, and sodium. - Correct Answer- True
What is a more common term for nephrolithiasis? - Correct Answer- kidney stones
What is often one of the first signs of renal insufficiency? - Correct Answer-
microalbuminuria
What is a measure of both visceral protein status and acute-phase inflammatory response? -
Correct Answer- serum albumin
,What vegetable is considered a high-sodium food? - Correct Answer- olives
What are the recommendations for g/kg/day of protein for HD and PD patients? - Correct
Answer- 1.2-1.3 g/kg
Prolonged exposure to elevations of PTH causes the development of __________________. -
Correct Answer- bone disease
What is the recommended daily potassium intake for hemodialysis patients? - Correct
Answer- 2-3 g/day; 2,000-3,000 mg/day
What vegetables are low in potassium? - Correct Answer- cucumbers, celery, onions
It has been demonstrated that foods high in the mineral_______________, including dairy
products, can actually prevent the formation of kidney stones. - Correct Answer- calcium
Low serum calcium levels often accompany CKD due to alterations in vitamin
_______________ metabolism. - Correct Answer- D
In addition to restriction of dietary phosphorus, most patients use phosphate
_______________ to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of dietary phosphorus. - Correct
Answer- binders
After kidney transplant, the intake of what dietary factor should be strictly limited to reduce
the risk of cardiovascular disease and infection? - Correct Answer- simple carbohydrates
You have a patient who is on a 1.5% solution concentration of monohydrous dextrous in her
dialysate exchange. How many grams of Monohydrous Dextrose are provided in the
exchange of 1 L? - Correct Answer- 15 grams
Since most HD patients receive anticoagulation therapy, caution must be taken if
supplementing with vitamin _______________ due to its role in promoting clot formation. -
Correct Answer- K
,What is the functioning unit of the kidney called? - Correct Answer- nephron
What hormone influences the reabsorption of sodium within the kidneys? - Correct Answer-
aldosterone
A practical tip for patients to decrease (leach) potassium in vegetables is to - Correct Answer-
Soak them in warm water to leach out the potassium
Decline in kidney function leads to abnormalities in regulation of calcium. This may be due
to: - Correct Answer- Calcium-containing phosphate binders may contribute to significant
intake of additional calcium.
Albumin is a primary carrier for calcium and since serum albumin is often low, serum
calcium can be low.
Alterations in Vitamin D decrease the absorption of calcium from the gut.
Calcium may be found in the dialysate.
_______________ is a renal replacement procedure that removes excessive and toxic by-
products of metabolism from the blood, thus replacing the filtering function of healthy
kidneys. - Correct Answer- dialysis
What is a build-up of nitrogenous waste products (such as urea) in the blood and body fluids
called? - Correct Answer- azotemia
What meat is considered a high-sodium food? - Correct Answer- pepperoni
For kidney stones that are composed of uric acid, avoidance of what kind of food is
recommended? - Correct Answer- foods high in purines
What percentage of kidney transplant patients display dyslipidemia? - Correct Answer- 70%
Most commonly, kidney function is measured by the ___? - Correct Answer- glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)
, Your patient with CKD stage 4 has high protein intake, high saturated fat intake, and lacks
education on a Renal diet. What should be done first? - Correct Answer- Determine where
patient is at in the transtheoretical model.
The protein requirements for HD are slightly higher than for PD. - Correct Answer- False
The onset of renal failure is not usually apparent until what percentage of renal function is
lost? - Correct Answer- 50-70%
What mineral supplements might be beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease (HD
and PD patients)? - Correct Answer- iron and zinc
What fruits are low in potassium? - Correct Answer- apples, grapes, raspberries
What is the term for blood in the urine? - Correct Answer- hematuria
The kidneys are two retroperitoneal organs the size of a fist. - Correct Answer- true
Patients with acute kidney injury are prone to loss of what type of amino acids? - Correct
Answer- all essential and non-essential amino acids
Kidney stones typically consist of calcium salts, cystine, uric acid, or struvite. - Correct
Answer- true
List the two main types of renal replacement therapy for CKD stage 5. - Correct Answer-
Currently two major types of renal replacement therapy are used for patients with CKD stage
5: hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD).
Triglyceride levels are particularly reduced in PD patients due to the absorption of glucose
from the dialysate. - Correct Answer- false
Diabetes, hypotension, and heart disease are the leading causes of kidney failure. - Correct
Answer- false
and CORRECT Answers
What is the GFR in patients with Stage 5 kidney disease? - Correct Answer- less than 15 mL
/min/1.73 m2
The interdialytic weight gain goal in HD patients should not exceed what percentage of body
weight? - Correct Answer- 5%
What is the leading cause of kidney failure? - Correct Answer- diabetes
What weight to utilize for energy and protein recommendations has discrepancies in the
literature. The NKF KDOQI nutrition guidelines recommend that adjusted edema-free body
weight be based on the NHANES II data. This adjusted body weight, according to these
guidelines, should be used when a patient's weight is <___________or > _______________
of standard body weight. - Correct Answer- 95%;115%
Approximately how many kilocalories does KL require daily?
KL is a 45-year-old male admitted to the hospital with an infection. He is on PD secondary to
congenital disease of the kidney. He does not have diabetes.
HT: 6' WT: 170 pounds (77 kg) - Correct Answer- 2,700 kcal
In general, the hemodialysis diet is high in protein and controls intakes of potassium,
phosphorus, fluids, and sodium. - Correct Answer- True
What is a more common term for nephrolithiasis? - Correct Answer- kidney stones
What is often one of the first signs of renal insufficiency? - Correct Answer-
microalbuminuria
What is a measure of both visceral protein status and acute-phase inflammatory response? -
Correct Answer- serum albumin
,What vegetable is considered a high-sodium food? - Correct Answer- olives
What are the recommendations for g/kg/day of protein for HD and PD patients? - Correct
Answer- 1.2-1.3 g/kg
Prolonged exposure to elevations of PTH causes the development of __________________. -
Correct Answer- bone disease
What is the recommended daily potassium intake for hemodialysis patients? - Correct
Answer- 2-3 g/day; 2,000-3,000 mg/day
What vegetables are low in potassium? - Correct Answer- cucumbers, celery, onions
It has been demonstrated that foods high in the mineral_______________, including dairy
products, can actually prevent the formation of kidney stones. - Correct Answer- calcium
Low serum calcium levels often accompany CKD due to alterations in vitamin
_______________ metabolism. - Correct Answer- D
In addition to restriction of dietary phosphorus, most patients use phosphate
_______________ to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of dietary phosphorus. - Correct
Answer- binders
After kidney transplant, the intake of what dietary factor should be strictly limited to reduce
the risk of cardiovascular disease and infection? - Correct Answer- simple carbohydrates
You have a patient who is on a 1.5% solution concentration of monohydrous dextrous in her
dialysate exchange. How many grams of Monohydrous Dextrose are provided in the
exchange of 1 L? - Correct Answer- 15 grams
Since most HD patients receive anticoagulation therapy, caution must be taken if
supplementing with vitamin _______________ due to its role in promoting clot formation. -
Correct Answer- K
,What is the functioning unit of the kidney called? - Correct Answer- nephron
What hormone influences the reabsorption of sodium within the kidneys? - Correct Answer-
aldosterone
A practical tip for patients to decrease (leach) potassium in vegetables is to - Correct Answer-
Soak them in warm water to leach out the potassium
Decline in kidney function leads to abnormalities in regulation of calcium. This may be due
to: - Correct Answer- Calcium-containing phosphate binders may contribute to significant
intake of additional calcium.
Albumin is a primary carrier for calcium and since serum albumin is often low, serum
calcium can be low.
Alterations in Vitamin D decrease the absorption of calcium from the gut.
Calcium may be found in the dialysate.
_______________ is a renal replacement procedure that removes excessive and toxic by-
products of metabolism from the blood, thus replacing the filtering function of healthy
kidneys. - Correct Answer- dialysis
What is a build-up of nitrogenous waste products (such as urea) in the blood and body fluids
called? - Correct Answer- azotemia
What meat is considered a high-sodium food? - Correct Answer- pepperoni
For kidney stones that are composed of uric acid, avoidance of what kind of food is
recommended? - Correct Answer- foods high in purines
What percentage of kidney transplant patients display dyslipidemia? - Correct Answer- 70%
Most commonly, kidney function is measured by the ___? - Correct Answer- glomerular
filtration rate (GFR)
, Your patient with CKD stage 4 has high protein intake, high saturated fat intake, and lacks
education on a Renal diet. What should be done first? - Correct Answer- Determine where
patient is at in the transtheoretical model.
The protein requirements for HD are slightly higher than for PD. - Correct Answer- False
The onset of renal failure is not usually apparent until what percentage of renal function is
lost? - Correct Answer- 50-70%
What mineral supplements might be beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease (HD
and PD patients)? - Correct Answer- iron and zinc
What fruits are low in potassium? - Correct Answer- apples, grapes, raspberries
What is the term for blood in the urine? - Correct Answer- hematuria
The kidneys are two retroperitoneal organs the size of a fist. - Correct Answer- true
Patients with acute kidney injury are prone to loss of what type of amino acids? - Correct
Answer- all essential and non-essential amino acids
Kidney stones typically consist of calcium salts, cystine, uric acid, or struvite. - Correct
Answer- true
List the two main types of renal replacement therapy for CKD stage 5. - Correct Answer-
Currently two major types of renal replacement therapy are used for patients with CKD stage
5: hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD).
Triglyceride levels are particularly reduced in PD patients due to the absorption of glucose
from the dialysate. - Correct Answer- false
Diabetes, hypotension, and heart disease are the leading causes of kidney failure. - Correct
Answer- false
