What is the importance of sodium in hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWERS-An
increase in sodium will increase body volume and blood volume, which will then
increase blood pressure; sodium increases the osmolality of the extracellular fluid and
activates the central thirst center, causing an increased water intake
What is the action of an ACE inhibitor? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Angiotensin-converting
enzyme; inhibition of ACE will stop the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; it
will reduce systemic vascular resistance and reduces stroke volume
What are the complications of orthostatic hypotension? - CORRECT ANSWERS-There
is a drop in blood pressure with movement; SNS does not activate to increase HR and
BP; causes dizziness, blurred vision, fainting, and injuries from a fall
Pulmonary stenosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-An acyanotic defect that happens at the
pulmonary artery and the valve is not opening properly at this artery; right ventricular
hypertrophy occurs secondary to high ventricular afterload caused by the narrowed
outflow opening
What is the correlation between LDL levels and coronary artery disease? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Low-density lipoproteins have large amounts of triglycerides; high
cholesterol is associated with the highest risk of atherosclerosis; lipids cause a slower
and sedentary blood flow around organs and vessels
Stable angina - CORRECT ANSWERS-Characterized by atherosclerotic coronary
vessels that reduce coronary blood flow to a critical level; the stenosed arteries dilate
poorly in response to increased myocardial oxygen requirements; pain is relieved by
rest and nitro
unstable angina - CORRECT ANSWERS-blockage becomes bigger or breaks off and
can lead to uncontrollable chest pain or the intensity of the chest pain gets worse; the
occlusion is partial and the clot is dissolved before there is the death of myocardial
tissue
What are some complications of acute coronary syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Chest pain that is more severe and lasts longer than the patient's typical angina;
unstable angina and myocardial infarction are both classes of acute coronary syndrome
What are the diagnostic tests to determine if a patient is having a myocardial infarction?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-increased troponin levels and ST elevation on an EKG
1|Page
,Rheumatic heart disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-an uncommon but serious
consequence of Rheumatic fever from an infection with group A beta-hemolytic
streptococci; inflammation results in swelling, erosions, and clumping of platelets and
fibrin on valve leaflets
patent ductus arteriosus - CORRECT ANSWERS-The ductus arteriosus allows blood to
flow from the pulmonary artery into the aorta, bypassing the lungs; continued patency is
usually obvious because of harsh, grinding systolic murmur and often a systolic thrill
What does uncorrected patent ductus arteriosus lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
results in pulmonary hypertension complicated by respiratory and right-sided heart
failure
forward symptoms of right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatigue, oliguria,
increased heart rate, faint pulses, restlessness, confusion, anxiety
forward symptoms of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatigue, oliguria,
increased heart rate, faint pulses, restlessness, confusion, anxiety
backward symptoms of right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-hepatomegaly,
ascites, splenomegaly, anorexia, subcutaneous edema, jugular vein distention
backward symptoms of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-dyspnea on
exertion, orthopnea, cough, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cyanosis, basilar crackle
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWERS-Refers to attacks of severe
shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night
What does heart failure cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS-reduced cardiac output to
meet metabolic demands of tissues and organs
What are the complications of dysrhythmias? - CORRECT ANSWERS-indicates an
underlying disorder and impairs cardiac output
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - CORRECT ANSWERS-flank pain,
sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi? - CORRECT ANSWERS-calcium
crystals
polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-condition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney;
immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure
and function; mediated by IgE
2|Page
, Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-uric
acid
Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-infection of the renal pelvis usually from
an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - CORRECT ANSWERS-E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-infection of the renal pelvis that has
scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or
processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-CVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-abdominal or
flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-prodromal
phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-normal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-oliguria, decreased
GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-postoliguric
phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function
begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys
are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-kidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the
RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD? - CORRECT ANSWERS-diabetes and
hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-ischemia leads
to acute tubular necrosis
3|Page
increase in sodium will increase body volume and blood volume, which will then
increase blood pressure; sodium increases the osmolality of the extracellular fluid and
activates the central thirst center, causing an increased water intake
What is the action of an ACE inhibitor? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Angiotensin-converting
enzyme; inhibition of ACE will stop the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; it
will reduce systemic vascular resistance and reduces stroke volume
What are the complications of orthostatic hypotension? - CORRECT ANSWERS-There
is a drop in blood pressure with movement; SNS does not activate to increase HR and
BP; causes dizziness, blurred vision, fainting, and injuries from a fall
Pulmonary stenosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-An acyanotic defect that happens at the
pulmonary artery and the valve is not opening properly at this artery; right ventricular
hypertrophy occurs secondary to high ventricular afterload caused by the narrowed
outflow opening
What is the correlation between LDL levels and coronary artery disease? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Low-density lipoproteins have large amounts of triglycerides; high
cholesterol is associated with the highest risk of atherosclerosis; lipids cause a slower
and sedentary blood flow around organs and vessels
Stable angina - CORRECT ANSWERS-Characterized by atherosclerotic coronary
vessels that reduce coronary blood flow to a critical level; the stenosed arteries dilate
poorly in response to increased myocardial oxygen requirements; pain is relieved by
rest and nitro
unstable angina - CORRECT ANSWERS-blockage becomes bigger or breaks off and
can lead to uncontrollable chest pain or the intensity of the chest pain gets worse; the
occlusion is partial and the clot is dissolved before there is the death of myocardial
tissue
What are some complications of acute coronary syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Chest pain that is more severe and lasts longer than the patient's typical angina;
unstable angina and myocardial infarction are both classes of acute coronary syndrome
What are the diagnostic tests to determine if a patient is having a myocardial infarction?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-increased troponin levels and ST elevation on an EKG
1|Page
,Rheumatic heart disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-an uncommon but serious
consequence of Rheumatic fever from an infection with group A beta-hemolytic
streptococci; inflammation results in swelling, erosions, and clumping of platelets and
fibrin on valve leaflets
patent ductus arteriosus - CORRECT ANSWERS-The ductus arteriosus allows blood to
flow from the pulmonary artery into the aorta, bypassing the lungs; continued patency is
usually obvious because of harsh, grinding systolic murmur and often a systolic thrill
What does uncorrected patent ductus arteriosus lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
results in pulmonary hypertension complicated by respiratory and right-sided heart
failure
forward symptoms of right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatigue, oliguria,
increased heart rate, faint pulses, restlessness, confusion, anxiety
forward symptoms of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-fatigue, oliguria,
increased heart rate, faint pulses, restlessness, confusion, anxiety
backward symptoms of right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-hepatomegaly,
ascites, splenomegaly, anorexia, subcutaneous edema, jugular vein distention
backward symptoms of left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-dyspnea on
exertion, orthopnea, cough, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cyanosis, basilar crackle
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWERS-Refers to attacks of severe
shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night
What does heart failure cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS-reduced cardiac output to
meet metabolic demands of tissues and organs
What are the complications of dysrhythmias? - CORRECT ANSWERS-indicates an
underlying disorder and impairs cardiac output
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - CORRECT ANSWERS-flank pain,
sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi? - CORRECT ANSWERS-calcium
crystals
polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-condition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney;
immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure
and function; mediated by IgE
2|Page
, Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-uric
acid
Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-infection of the renal pelvis usually from
an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - CORRECT ANSWERS-E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-infection of the renal pelvis that has
scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or
processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-CVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-abdominal or
flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-prodromal
phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-normal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-oliguria, decreased
GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWERS-postoliguric
phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function
begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys
are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-kidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the
RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD? - CORRECT ANSWERS-diabetes and
hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-ischemia leads
to acute tubular necrosis
3|Page
