Chapter 10 Microbiology Openstax
Escherichia coli - ANSWER: may acquire genes encoding virulence factors, converting
them into pathogenic strains, like this uropathogenic E. coli.
Freidrich Miescher - ANSWER: The first person to isolate phosphorus rich material,
from white blood cells in pus from bandages, which he named "nuclein". What he had
isolated was RNA and DNA.
Richard Altmann - ANSWER: Building on Miescher's work, noted the acid nature of
nuclein and renamed it nucleic acid.
Albrecht Kossel - ANSWER: >>Further isolated and characterized nucleic acid by
identifying five different nucleotide bases. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
(DNA),uracil(RNA). >>Composed of nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T or U), a phosphate
group, and a sugar deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)
Johann Gregor Mendel - ANSWER: >>"Father of Genetics" -Used pea plants to
demonstrate that there was some heritable component -genes. See slides and outline.
>>continuous variation
>>dicountinuous variation
>>model system
>>Using self-fertilizing pea plants, which he then hybridized (cross-bred), he showed
that offspring showed predictable patterns.
>>Pgeneration-Cross-bred violet (PP) and white flowers (pp).uF1filialgeneration-All
offspring were violet (Pp) PpuF2 generation -3:1 ratio of violet to white (PP, Pp, pp)
Mendel's Pea Plants - ANSWER: pruple folwer + white flower= P generation
the offspring of p generation, being purple as pruple is the dominant gene= F1
Generation
the offspring of F1 are one purple, one white= f2 generation
>>In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were
true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color (the
P generation). The resulting hybrids in the F1generation all had violet flowers. In the
F2generation, approximately three-quarters of the plants had violet flowers, and one-
quarter had white flowers
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri - ANSWER: Chromosomal Theory of Independence
>>During meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs migrate as discrete structures that
are independent of other chromosome pairs.
, >>The sorting of chromosomes from each homologous pair into pre-gametes appears
to be random.
>>Each parent synthesizes gametes that contain only half of their chromosomal
complement.
>>Even though male and female gametes differ in size and morphology, they have the
same number of chromosomes, suggesting equal genetic contributions from each
parent.uThe gametic chromosomes combine during fertilization to produce offspring
with the same chromosome number as their parents.
Chromosomes - ANSWER: genetic material responsible for inheritance
Thomas Hunt Morgan - ANSWER: Using the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly, made
microscopic observations of fly chromosomes and correlated them with fly
characteristics.
Barbara McClintock - ANSWER: Developed chromosomal staining techniques to
visualize and differentiate between different chromosomes of maize/corn. Observed
transposons-a DNA sequence that can relocate in the genome, however, was not given
credit for this discovery for some time.
Joachim Hammerling - ANSWER: Using the single-celled alga Acetabularia,
demonstrated that the genetic information in a eukaryotic cell is found within the
nucleus. See slides and outline
George Beadleand Edward Tatum - ANSWER: Using Neurospora crassa, red bread
mold, led to the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, showing the link between genes and
corresponding characteristics -in this case the gene coding for amino acid synthesis.
See slides and outline
Frederick Griffith - ANSWER: Demonstrated horizontal transfer of genetic information
between bacteria by using Streptococcus pneumoniae (rough and smooth) and mice.
See slides and outline
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty - ANSWER: Building on Griffith's
work they were able to isolate the S strain S. pneumoniae, from the dead mice and
demonstrate that it was DNA which conferred the virulence. See slides and outline.
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - ANSWER: Using radio-tagged sulfur and
phosphorus were able to demonstrate that it was phage DNA that was injected into
bacteria and which carried genetic information and not the protein of the capsid. See
slides and outline.
Hammerling Acetabularia - ANSWER: The cells of the single-celled alga
Acetabulariameasure 2-6 cm and have a cell morphology that can be observed with the
naked eye. Each cell has a cap, a stalk, and a foot, which contains the nucleus.
(b)Hämmerling found that if he removed the cap, a new cap would regenerate; but if he
Escherichia coli - ANSWER: may acquire genes encoding virulence factors, converting
them into pathogenic strains, like this uropathogenic E. coli.
Freidrich Miescher - ANSWER: The first person to isolate phosphorus rich material,
from white blood cells in pus from bandages, which he named "nuclein". What he had
isolated was RNA and DNA.
Richard Altmann - ANSWER: Building on Miescher's work, noted the acid nature of
nuclein and renamed it nucleic acid.
Albrecht Kossel - ANSWER: >>Further isolated and characterized nucleic acid by
identifying five different nucleotide bases. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
(DNA),uracil(RNA). >>Composed of nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T or U), a phosphate
group, and a sugar deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)
Johann Gregor Mendel - ANSWER: >>"Father of Genetics" -Used pea plants to
demonstrate that there was some heritable component -genes. See slides and outline.
>>continuous variation
>>dicountinuous variation
>>model system
>>Using self-fertilizing pea plants, which he then hybridized (cross-bred), he showed
that offspring showed predictable patterns.
>>Pgeneration-Cross-bred violet (PP) and white flowers (pp).uF1filialgeneration-All
offspring were violet (Pp) PpuF2 generation -3:1 ratio of violet to white (PP, Pp, pp)
Mendel's Pea Plants - ANSWER: pruple folwer + white flower= P generation
the offspring of p generation, being purple as pruple is the dominant gene= F1
Generation
the offspring of F1 are one purple, one white= f2 generation
>>In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were
true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color (the
P generation). The resulting hybrids in the F1generation all had violet flowers. In the
F2generation, approximately three-quarters of the plants had violet flowers, and one-
quarter had white flowers
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri - ANSWER: Chromosomal Theory of Independence
>>During meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs migrate as discrete structures that
are independent of other chromosome pairs.
, >>The sorting of chromosomes from each homologous pair into pre-gametes appears
to be random.
>>Each parent synthesizes gametes that contain only half of their chromosomal
complement.
>>Even though male and female gametes differ in size and morphology, they have the
same number of chromosomes, suggesting equal genetic contributions from each
parent.uThe gametic chromosomes combine during fertilization to produce offspring
with the same chromosome number as their parents.
Chromosomes - ANSWER: genetic material responsible for inheritance
Thomas Hunt Morgan - ANSWER: Using the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly, made
microscopic observations of fly chromosomes and correlated them with fly
characteristics.
Barbara McClintock - ANSWER: Developed chromosomal staining techniques to
visualize and differentiate between different chromosomes of maize/corn. Observed
transposons-a DNA sequence that can relocate in the genome, however, was not given
credit for this discovery for some time.
Joachim Hammerling - ANSWER: Using the single-celled alga Acetabularia,
demonstrated that the genetic information in a eukaryotic cell is found within the
nucleus. See slides and outline
George Beadleand Edward Tatum - ANSWER: Using Neurospora crassa, red bread
mold, led to the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, showing the link between genes and
corresponding characteristics -in this case the gene coding for amino acid synthesis.
See slides and outline
Frederick Griffith - ANSWER: Demonstrated horizontal transfer of genetic information
between bacteria by using Streptococcus pneumoniae (rough and smooth) and mice.
See slides and outline
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty - ANSWER: Building on Griffith's
work they were able to isolate the S strain S. pneumoniae, from the dead mice and
demonstrate that it was DNA which conferred the virulence. See slides and outline.
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - ANSWER: Using radio-tagged sulfur and
phosphorus were able to demonstrate that it was phage DNA that was injected into
bacteria and which carried genetic information and not the protein of the capsid. See
slides and outline.
Hammerling Acetabularia - ANSWER: The cells of the single-celled alga
Acetabulariameasure 2-6 cm and have a cell morphology that can be observed with the
naked eye. Each cell has a cap, a stalk, and a foot, which contains the nucleus.
(b)Hämmerling found that if he removed the cap, a new cap would regenerate; but if he
