BIOS 251 Final Exam Latest Update
Comprehensive Questions with Excellent
Answers Graded A+ (2023-2024)
________ reflects ___________ - Answer -Function; structure
1. As AP moves along sarcolemma, it travels down T Tubules
2. Voltage-sensitive proteins in T Tubule change shape → allow calcium channels in sarcoplasmic
reticulum to open → large amounts of calcium flow into the cytosol
3. Calcium binds to troponin → removes hold on tropomyosin → exposes myosin binding sites on actin
filaments
4. Cross-bridge cycling begins - Answer -What are 4 steps of excitation-contraction coupling
1. Cross bridge formation
2. Powerstroke
3. Cross bridge detachment
4. Cocking of myosin head - Answer -what are 4 steps of cross-bridge cycling
1. Resting state
All gated Na+ and K+ are closed
2. Depolarization
Na+ channels open
3. Repolarization
Na+ channels are inactivating, and K+ channels open
4. Hyperpolarization
Some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset - Answer -What are 4 main states of
action potential
Acidic (0-7) - Answer -a substance with more H+ molecules would fall on what side of the pH scale
Acids - Answer -proton donors, release H+
Activation - Answer -1. Fiber are stimulated/activated by a nerve ending → change in membrane
potential
2. Fiber generates an electrical current (action potential) in its sarcolemma
, Active Transport - Answer -requires energy to move solutes usually ATP
Amine - Answer -basic; nitrogen
amino acids - Answer -what is the building block of proteins
Amphiarthroses - Answer -slight movable joint
Antiports - Answer -Two substances move in opposite direction
Appositional growth - Answer -growth from outside
Association fibers - Answer -horizontal; connect different parts within same hemisphere
Astrocytes - Answer -"Star cells"
Aid exchanges between capillaries and neurons
Axon - Answer -single, long projection
Main conducting region
Axon Terminal - Answer -end of axon; contains many synaptic vesicles filled with a
neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh)
Axons - Answer -single projections, transmits electrical impulses over long distance
Bases - Answer -proton acceptors, release OH-
Basic (7-14) - Answer -a substance with less H+ molecules would fall on what side of the pH scale
basic structural material of the body, vital role in cellular activity - Answer -what is the function of
proteins
biaxial - Answer -movement in two planes
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Fibrous - Answer -what are the 4 main classes of connective tissue
Bone - Answer -supports and protects; stores calcium
Carboxyl - Answer -acidic; carbon
Cardiac muscle tissue - Answer -only in walls of heart; involuntary control
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion - Answer -binds to a carrier protein to move across
membrane
Comprehensive Questions with Excellent
Answers Graded A+ (2023-2024)
________ reflects ___________ - Answer -Function; structure
1. As AP moves along sarcolemma, it travels down T Tubules
2. Voltage-sensitive proteins in T Tubule change shape → allow calcium channels in sarcoplasmic
reticulum to open → large amounts of calcium flow into the cytosol
3. Calcium binds to troponin → removes hold on tropomyosin → exposes myosin binding sites on actin
filaments
4. Cross-bridge cycling begins - Answer -What are 4 steps of excitation-contraction coupling
1. Cross bridge formation
2. Powerstroke
3. Cross bridge detachment
4. Cocking of myosin head - Answer -what are 4 steps of cross-bridge cycling
1. Resting state
All gated Na+ and K+ are closed
2. Depolarization
Na+ channels open
3. Repolarization
Na+ channels are inactivating, and K+ channels open
4. Hyperpolarization
Some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset - Answer -What are 4 main states of
action potential
Acidic (0-7) - Answer -a substance with more H+ molecules would fall on what side of the pH scale
Acids - Answer -proton donors, release H+
Activation - Answer -1. Fiber are stimulated/activated by a nerve ending → change in membrane
potential
2. Fiber generates an electrical current (action potential) in its sarcolemma
, Active Transport - Answer -requires energy to move solutes usually ATP
Amine - Answer -basic; nitrogen
amino acids - Answer -what is the building block of proteins
Amphiarthroses - Answer -slight movable joint
Antiports - Answer -Two substances move in opposite direction
Appositional growth - Answer -growth from outside
Association fibers - Answer -horizontal; connect different parts within same hemisphere
Astrocytes - Answer -"Star cells"
Aid exchanges between capillaries and neurons
Axon - Answer -single, long projection
Main conducting region
Axon Terminal - Answer -end of axon; contains many synaptic vesicles filled with a
neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh)
Axons - Answer -single projections, transmits electrical impulses over long distance
Bases - Answer -proton acceptors, release OH-
Basic (7-14) - Answer -a substance with less H+ molecules would fall on what side of the pH scale
basic structural material of the body, vital role in cellular activity - Answer -what is the function of
proteins
biaxial - Answer -movement in two planes
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Fibrous - Answer -what are the 4 main classes of connective tissue
Bone - Answer -supports and protects; stores calcium
Carboxyl - Answer -acidic; carbon
Cardiac muscle tissue - Answer -only in walls of heart; involuntary control
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion - Answer -binds to a carrier protein to move across
membrane
