Bio 181 Final Exam Study Guide (nau) Questions and Answers well Explained Latest 2024/2025 Update 100% Correct.

homologous chromosomes - pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location. sister chromatids - pieces of identical dna Cell Theory - 1. all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2. cells are the smallest units of life. 3. cell division produces new cells. Eukaryotic - (true nucleus) >protists, fungi, plants animals >plasma membrane >membrane bound organelles >multi-cellular Prokaryotic - (no cell nucleus) >plasma membrane >double layer of phospholipids and proteins. >bacteria and archaea compartmentalization - formation of cellular compartments. smaller cells (SA/V) - more surface area per volume large cells (SA/V) - less surface are per volume, more room for metabolism, surface area limits rate of olism - break down of large molecules into small molecules with the release of energy. anabolism - small molecules ----> large molecules (needs energy) *microtubli - >largest (25 nm) >2 subunits form a strand >13 strands form a hollow tube >constantly changing in length adding and removing tubulin at both ends >supports cell shape >organizes the whole cytoplasm >intracellular movement >cell mobility (flagella & cilia) intermediate filament - >medium (10 nm) >protein: various >strong rope-like structure (twisted) >provides structure (not dynamic) >often works with microtubules >cell shape >anchorage of cell/nuclear membranes actin filament - >smallest (6-8 nm) >long spiral chains >near plasma membrane > cell shape and strength > muscle contraction> intracellular movement > cell movement endomembrane system - lysosomes, er, and golgi apparatus lysosomes - digestive enzymes membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that is used to digest macromolecules (the enzymes are made from rough ER and processed in golgi apparatus). lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles so the enzymes can break the macromolecules into monomers endoplasmic reticulum - >extensive closed membrane system >flattened tube like structure filled with cisternae >near nucleus er combines with the outer nuclear membrane rough ER - >ribosomes on outside > membrane protein still synthesized smooth ER - >contain enzymes > involved in lipid synthesis > lipids and proteins transported to vesicle golgi apparatus - > flattened membranes > molecular assembly line > proteins undergo modification lumen - > inside space of a tubular structure >the inside space of a cellular component or structure, such as the endoplasmic reticulum vacuole - >plants (central vacuole)>dissolve molecules,storage,regulation or cell volume peroxisomes - >eukaryotes >metabolism of fatty acids >harbor enzymes that get rid of toxic peroxides semiautonomous - regulates its own division purines - adenine and guanine Phosphodiester - A bond has been formed in a nucleotide sequence between the hydroxyl group of a 3' carbon and the phosphate group on the 5' carbon of an adjacent molecule monomer - small chemical unit that makes up a polymer (1) Polymer - A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain. dehydration reaction - When water is removed and bond is put in place hydrolysis - When water is used to split the bond Carbohydrates - (sugars) >monomer: monosaccharide >most abundant sugar: glucose >Polymer: polysaccharide Lipids - >4 main molecules:triglyceride phospholipid steroids waxes >fatty acids >40% of organic molecules in human body >H,C, some O >hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions >non-polar tails, insoluble in water Proteins - >monomer: amino acids >C,H,O, and N >Polymer: polypeptide >amino and carboxyl group Nucleic acids - >monomer: nucleotide >DNA and RNA >Polymer: polynucleotides Give an example of an amphipathic lipid - oils and fats