PSY 252 EXAM 3 WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
What is cognitive psychology? - ANSWER "The science of thinking"
-The field of psychology engaged in the scientific study of the mind
What is Reber's definition of cognitive psychology? - ANSWER "A general
approach to psychology emphasizing the internal, mental processes"
Internal mental processes - ANSWER
What is Neisser's (1967) definition of cognitive psychology? - ANSWER
"Cognitive psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is
transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used"
What does it mean to be transformed? - ANSWER Physical energy(in the world) to
neural activation (in the brain)
What does reduced mean? - ANSWER Information is simplified(therefore some
parts are lost)
What does elaboration mean? - ANSWER Connected to other information
What does store mean? - ANSWER Keep information for later
What does recover mean? - ANSWER Get in the information later
What does used mean? - ANSWER That all of this has a role
What did Kahneman, Fredericton, Schreiber, & Redelmeier (1993) conduct? -
ANSWER Two adverse experiences:
1) Immersing hand in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds
2) Immersing hand in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds, followed by 30
seconds more in which temperature increased to 15 C
,-Participants chose #2
What is peak end effect? - ANSWER -69%
-suggests both the peak experience and the most recent part of the experience are
important
What did Redelmeier and Kahneman(1996) conduct? - ANSWER Patients
undergoing rectal colonoscopy examination
Control group-standard abrupt termination
Experimental group-gradual withdrawal of probe
What did Redelmeier and Kahneman find in their study of rectal colonoscopy
examination? - ANSWER "Less unpleasant" ratings of procedure by the
experimental group
-The worst part of the experiment matters
Thatcher illusion(1980) - ANSWER -Unique cognitive components process faces
-Not engaged when the face is inverted
-Perceptual differences in features vs inverted features are relatively minor
Is it hard to process a face? - ANSWER May seem simple, but is extremely
complex
How do we process language or decode sounds of words? - ANSWER specialized
brain structures and years of practice
What is the difference between recognition and recall? - ANSWER Recognition
refers to our ability to "recognize" an event or piece of information as being
familiar, while recall designates the retrieval of related details from memory.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? - ANSWER
What is the difference between declarative vs procedural? - ANSWER
What is the key point of memory? - ANSWER -we have listed awareness
-you know things without being able to describe what you know
, -or anticipate the limits of your knowledge
What is the difference between memory and metacognition? - ANSWER Memory
is what you actually know
Metacognition is what you think you know but you actually don't
What does Koriat (2007) propose? - ANSWER -immeidtely after studying
something, ratings of how well you will remember are not very accurate
-after a delay, see better relationships between what you think you will remember
and what you actually do remember
Why do the express checkout lanes now have 12 or 15 item limits instead of 5? -
ANSWER anchoring
-make you think that 15 items is not that much
What is anchoring? - ANSWER cognitive bias that influences you to rely too
heavily on the first piece of information you receive.
Tversky & Kahneman (1974): - ANSWER
How many people rate themselves as above average drivers? - ANSWER 3/4 of
people
-recent survey in the US, 93% rated themselves above average
Illusion of Superiority: - ANSWER Tendency to rate ourselves above average
-attractive, intelligent, organized, leadership, ethical
Dunning- Kruger effect: - ANSWER -least successful performers often show a
larger illusion of superiority effect
What is adjustment? - ANSWER
Bourgeois-Gironde & Vanderhenst (2009) - ANSWER Ball and bat math problem
Most people incorrectly say "$10"
- 80% of college students gave that answer
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
What is cognitive psychology? - ANSWER "The science of thinking"
-The field of psychology engaged in the scientific study of the mind
What is Reber's definition of cognitive psychology? - ANSWER "A general
approach to psychology emphasizing the internal, mental processes"
Internal mental processes - ANSWER
What is Neisser's (1967) definition of cognitive psychology? - ANSWER
"Cognitive psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is
transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used"
What does it mean to be transformed? - ANSWER Physical energy(in the world) to
neural activation (in the brain)
What does reduced mean? - ANSWER Information is simplified(therefore some
parts are lost)
What does elaboration mean? - ANSWER Connected to other information
What does store mean? - ANSWER Keep information for later
What does recover mean? - ANSWER Get in the information later
What does used mean? - ANSWER That all of this has a role
What did Kahneman, Fredericton, Schreiber, & Redelmeier (1993) conduct? -
ANSWER Two adverse experiences:
1) Immersing hand in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds
2) Immersing hand in 14 degrees celsius water for 60 seconds, followed by 30
seconds more in which temperature increased to 15 C
,-Participants chose #2
What is peak end effect? - ANSWER -69%
-suggests both the peak experience and the most recent part of the experience are
important
What did Redelmeier and Kahneman(1996) conduct? - ANSWER Patients
undergoing rectal colonoscopy examination
Control group-standard abrupt termination
Experimental group-gradual withdrawal of probe
What did Redelmeier and Kahneman find in their study of rectal colonoscopy
examination? - ANSWER "Less unpleasant" ratings of procedure by the
experimental group
-The worst part of the experiment matters
Thatcher illusion(1980) - ANSWER -Unique cognitive components process faces
-Not engaged when the face is inverted
-Perceptual differences in features vs inverted features are relatively minor
Is it hard to process a face? - ANSWER May seem simple, but is extremely
complex
How do we process language or decode sounds of words? - ANSWER specialized
brain structures and years of practice
What is the difference between recognition and recall? - ANSWER Recognition
refers to our ability to "recognize" an event or piece of information as being
familiar, while recall designates the retrieval of related details from memory.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? - ANSWER
What is the difference between declarative vs procedural? - ANSWER
What is the key point of memory? - ANSWER -we have listed awareness
-you know things without being able to describe what you know
, -or anticipate the limits of your knowledge
What is the difference between memory and metacognition? - ANSWER Memory
is what you actually know
Metacognition is what you think you know but you actually don't
What does Koriat (2007) propose? - ANSWER -immeidtely after studying
something, ratings of how well you will remember are not very accurate
-after a delay, see better relationships between what you think you will remember
and what you actually do remember
Why do the express checkout lanes now have 12 or 15 item limits instead of 5? -
ANSWER anchoring
-make you think that 15 items is not that much
What is anchoring? - ANSWER cognitive bias that influences you to rely too
heavily on the first piece of information you receive.
Tversky & Kahneman (1974): - ANSWER
How many people rate themselves as above average drivers? - ANSWER 3/4 of
people
-recent survey in the US, 93% rated themselves above average
Illusion of Superiority: - ANSWER Tendency to rate ourselves above average
-attractive, intelligent, organized, leadership, ethical
Dunning- Kruger effect: - ANSWER -least successful performers often show a
larger illusion of superiority effect
What is adjustment? - ANSWER
Bourgeois-Gironde & Vanderhenst (2009) - ANSWER Ball and bat math problem
Most people incorrectly say "$10"
- 80% of college students gave that answer
