pcb 3023 FINAL EXAM Questions And Answers With 100% Correct Answers

eukaryotic cell types - animal - - nucleus - linear nuclear chromosomes - mitochondria - centrioles -- microtubule organizing center - no cell wall or capsule endosymbiosis - mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that entered eukaryotic cells and became specialized to perform specific cellular instructions evidence for endosymbiosis - - organelles contain their own DNA (organelle genomes - organelles resemble present day prokaryotes - organelle genomic sequences resemble those of present day prokaryotes - organelles can divide independently from the cell nucleus - organelles are enclosed by double membranes evolution of cells - - mitochondria entered into the eukaryotic cell lineage see photo (slide 33, lecture 1) endosymbiosis- the origin of mitochondria - mechanism is similar to endocytosis - notice the double membrane of the organelle human mitochondrion contains multiple copies of its genome and divides like a __________________ - bacterium (fusion/fission) evolution of cells - chloroplasts entered only in the plant cell lineageendosymbiosis - origin of chloroplasts - chloroplasts originated from a photosynthetic bacterium endosymbiotic prokaryotes adapted to perform specialized cellular functions - - mitochondria - energy processing - chloroplasts - sunlight energy harvesting - b/c of the loss of genes to the nucleus, the endosymbionts cannot survive outside the cell - presence of organelles does NOT define eukaryotes -- nucleus does eukaryotic cell types - plant - - nucleus - linear nuclear chromosomes - mitochondria - no centrioles - microtubule organizing center but no centrioles - chloroplasts - large vacuoles - fluid filled compartments - cell wall eukaryotes - have a nuclear envelope - the defining feature, organelles, and a cytoskeleton the _________ is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells. it contains most of the DNA in the cell - nucleus mitochondria - - membrane-enclosed organelles that are found in most eukaryotic cells and generate most of the cell's supply of usable energy - dna-containing organelles - endosymbionts - enclosed by a double membranechloroplasts - - organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae - harvest energy from sunlight by photosynthesis - also dna-containing organelles - larger than mitochondria - two membranes + a 3rd membrane system, the thylakoid, which contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll from prokaryote to eukaryote - model for the origin of the nucleus and the ER in an ancient prokaryote - - bacterial chromosome is typically attached to the plasma membrane of the cell - an invagination in the membrane formed an internal double membrane structure around the chromosome - portions of this structure also formed the ER to which some ribosomes attached human mtDNA contains __ genes - 37 animal cell types - epithelial cells - - cells bound by tight junctions and form sheets that cover body surfaces and form the lining of internal organs - mouth, bile duct, intestine animal cell types - connective tissues - - bone and cartilage - adipose tissue - areolar tissue - fibroblasts animal cell - blood cell types - - red -- o2 transport - white -- immune granulocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte, monocyteanimal cell types - neuron - cells that receive and transmit signals throughout the body and are capable of generating electrical activity dendrite, soma, axon, axon terminal animal cell types - muscle cells/fibers - - multinucleated cells that generate force and movement - products of the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts - 3 types -- cardiac -- skeletal -- smooth