SLCC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Homeostasis - Answer-Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal
balance
Hyperplasia - Answer-Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - Answer-Increased size of cell
Atrophy - Answer-Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - Answer-Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure
stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - Answer-Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or
appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - Answer-Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - Answer-Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired
electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell
damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Answer-cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high
consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue >
inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Answer-Ca++ is an important
signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the
cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - Answer-Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body
can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before
cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - Answer-Three types of reversible cell injury
,Water - Answer-abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - Answer-Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - Answer-Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - Answer-Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity,
cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - Answer-How long do WBCs live?
3 months - Answer-How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - Answer-Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents
released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - Answer-Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each
replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
,subcutaneous fat - Answer-Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or
extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin
breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - Answer-Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue
repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Answer-Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - Answer-Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - Answer-Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - Answer-Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - Answer-Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release
over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - Answer-White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory
response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - Answer-Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - Answer-S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Answer-Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Answer-Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
"New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - Answer-Granulocyte accounts for 60%
of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - Answer-Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite infections
, Basophil - Answer-Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - Answer-Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - Answer-Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T cells,
increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - Answer-Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream, migrates into tissue to
become macrophages
T cells - Answer-"Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from lymphocytes in the
thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - Answer-Remain in lymph nodes for many years after infection so if
same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - Answer-Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - Answer-Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests ANTIGENS via
phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - Answer-Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. These are
lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface markers than
killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - Answer-Returns the functioning of the immune system back to
normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
B cells - Answer-Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower response time the t-
cells. Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in Bone marrow. Releases
antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies.
Antigens - Answer-Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or not. Cell specific.
- "antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen,
toxins, pathogens, etc)
Antibodies
(B-Cell Lymphocytes) - Answer-Immunoglobulins are the bodies compliment to
antigens. When antibodies attach to antigens cells cannot reproduce. Lock and key
analogy.
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Homeostasis - Answer-Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal
balance
Hyperplasia - Answer-Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - Answer-Increased size of cell
Atrophy - Answer-Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - Answer-Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure
stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - Answer-Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or
appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - Answer-Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - Answer-Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired
electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell
damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Answer-cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high
consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue >
inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Answer-Ca++ is an important
signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the
cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - Answer-Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body
can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before
cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - Answer-Three types of reversible cell injury
,Water - Answer-abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - Answer-Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - Answer-Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - Answer-Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity,
cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - Answer-How long do WBCs live?
3 months - Answer-How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - Answer-Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents
released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - Answer-Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each
replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - Answer-Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
,subcutaneous fat - Answer-Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or
extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin
breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - Answer-Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue
repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Answer-Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - Answer-Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - Answer-Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - Answer-Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - Answer-Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release
over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - Answer-White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory
response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - Answer-Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - Answer-S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Answer-Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Answer-Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
"New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - Answer-Granulocyte accounts for 60%
of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - Answer-Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite infections
, Basophil - Answer-Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - Answer-Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - Answer-Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T cells,
increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - Answer-Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream, migrates into tissue to
become macrophages
T cells - Answer-"Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from lymphocytes in the
thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - Answer-Remain in lymph nodes for many years after infection so if
same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - Answer-Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - Answer-Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests ANTIGENS via
phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - Answer-Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. These are
lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface markers than
killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - Answer-Returns the functioning of the immune system back to
normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
B cells - Answer-Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower response time the t-
cells. Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in Bone marrow. Releases
antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies.
Antigens - Answer-Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or not. Cell specific.
- "antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen,
toxins, pathogens, etc)
Antibodies
(B-Cell Lymphocytes) - Answer-Immunoglobulins are the bodies compliment to
antigens. When antibodies attach to antigens cells cannot reproduce. Lock and key
analogy.
