Portage Pathophysiology Exam 1
Definition of Pathophysiology - ANSdefined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and an example of each - ANSBiological: bacteria and viruses
Physical: trauma, burns, and radiation
Chemical: poisons, drugs
One's genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficiencies
2 types of risk factors - ANScongenital factors (present at birth) or acquired (occurring after
birth)
Difference between morphology and histology - ANSMorphology - fundamental structure or
form of cells or tissues (includes the gross and microscopic changes)
Histology - study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues (at the tissue level)
Signs and symptoms - ANSSigns - objective and can be seen or measured. Elevated temp,
leg edema, and changes in pupil size.
symptoms - subjective. pain, trouble breathing, dizziness.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSPatient history, physical
examination, and diagnostic tests.
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity definitions. - ANSValidity - how a tool measure
what it is intended to measure.
Reliability - likelihood the same result occurring with multiple testing.
Sensitivity - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity - are people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Define epidemiology and name some thing that it tracks. - ANSEpidemiology is the study of
disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks, age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or
geographic location.
Difference between incidence and prevalence - ANSIncidence - the number of new cases in
a population
Prevalence - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
Define Mortality and Morbidity - ANSMortality - the statistics that deal with cause of death in
a population
, Morbidity is the effect of illness on one's life.
Define Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
ANSPrimary: remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring. Examples - yearly check
up, daily vitamin, vaccination, wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary: detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and
curable. Example - pap smears, checking bp and cholesterol and colonoscopy screening.
Usually all done by setting of a physician.
Tertiary: occurs after a diagnosis has been made and clinical interventions are needed to
reduce complications.
Why is evidence based practice important? - ANSEvidence-based practice is the
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about
the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things have always been done,"
and to practice based on clinical research.
what are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSNucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANScontrol center of the cell and contains DNA and
RNA
Name 3 structures within the nucleus - ANSchromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
what organelles are located in the cytoplasm? - ANSRibosomes, golgi apparatus,
Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes.
Roles of ribosomes, rough ER and smooth ER - ANSRibosomes - synthesize proteins
Rough ER - contain ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth
ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormones
synthesis.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? - ANSLysosomes
(acid hydrolases) - digestive system of the cell. Break down cell excess, worn cellular
substance and foreign substances.
Peroxisomes - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals.
mitochondria - power plant. produce
ATP.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? - ANScontains a network of
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell
shape and movement.
Definition of Pathophysiology - ANSdefined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and an example of each - ANSBiological: bacteria and viruses
Physical: trauma, burns, and radiation
Chemical: poisons, drugs
One's genetic inheritance
Nutritional excesses or deficiencies
2 types of risk factors - ANScongenital factors (present at birth) or acquired (occurring after
birth)
Difference between morphology and histology - ANSMorphology - fundamental structure or
form of cells or tissues (includes the gross and microscopic changes)
Histology - study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues (at the tissue level)
Signs and symptoms - ANSSigns - objective and can be seen or measured. Elevated temp,
leg edema, and changes in pupil size.
symptoms - subjective. pain, trouble breathing, dizziness.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSPatient history, physical
examination, and diagnostic tests.
Validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity definitions. - ANSValidity - how a tool measure
what it is intended to measure.
Reliability - likelihood the same result occurring with multiple testing.
Sensitivity - the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity - are people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Define epidemiology and name some thing that it tracks. - ANSEpidemiology is the study of
disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks, age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or
geographic location.
Difference between incidence and prevalence - ANSIncidence - the number of new cases in
a population
Prevalence - the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
Define Mortality and Morbidity - ANSMortality - the statistics that deal with cause of death in
a population
, Morbidity is the effect of illness on one's life.
Define Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. -
ANSPrimary: remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring. Examples - yearly check
up, daily vitamin, vaccination, wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary: detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and
curable. Example - pap smears, checking bp and cholesterol and colonoscopy screening.
Usually all done by setting of a physician.
Tertiary: occurs after a diagnosis has been made and clinical interventions are needed to
reduce complications.
Why is evidence based practice important? - ANSEvidence-based practice is the
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about
the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things have always been done,"
and to practice based on clinical research.
what are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANSNucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANScontrol center of the cell and contains DNA and
RNA
Name 3 structures within the nucleus - ANSchromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
what organelles are located in the cytoplasm? - ANSRibosomes, golgi apparatus,
Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes.
Roles of ribosomes, rough ER and smooth ER - ANSRibosomes - synthesize proteins
Rough ER - contain ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth
ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormones
synthesis.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? - ANSLysosomes
(acid hydrolases) - digestive system of the cell. Break down cell excess, worn cellular
substance and foreign substances.
Peroxisomes - smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals.
mitochondria - power plant. produce
ATP.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? - ANScontains a network of
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell
shape and movement.
