NURS 231 Portage Learning Pathophysiology
Module Exam 2 Latest Update
Comprehensive Questions with Verified
Answers Pass 100%
2 broad etiologic causes of cancer? - Answer 1. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that
transform normal cells to cancer cells.
2. The external factors such as age, heredity, and environmental agents.
2 cancer associated genes? - Answer Protooncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
3 main groups of cells that proliferate - Answer (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of
skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large number of progenitor cells
if needed.
5 possible treatments for cancer - Answer surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
hormone therapy
biotherapy
angiogenesis - Answer When the tumor reaches the distant site, it must establish blood vessels
and growth factors to continue to grow. The development of new blood vessels within the tumor is
termed angiogenesis.
be familiar with table 2.5 classification system - Answer
benefits of the stem cell - Answer --remain dormant until they are needed
--When needed, they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of the
differentiated cell.
--Self-renewal: the stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
undifferentiated state
, --Potency: describes the differentiation potential of stem cells
cancer cell characteristics as summarized in table 2.3 - Answer
carcinoma in situ - Answer --localized preinvasive lesion
--can typically be surgically removed or treated, and recurrence is less likely
cell cycle (figure 2.1) - Answer G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
characteristics of benign neoplasms - Answer --cell characteristics: well-differentiated cells that
resemble cells in the tissue of origin
--rate of growth: progressive and slow; may stop or regress
--mode of growth: by expansion without invading surrounding tissues; usually encapsulated
--metastasis: does not spread by metastasis
characteristics of malignant neoplasms - Answer --cell characteristics: undifferentiated cells,
atypical structure that don't look like cells in tissue of origin
--rate of growth: variable; greater differentiation, more rapid rate of growth
--mode of growth: by invasion, infiltrating the surrounding tissues
--metastasis: gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body
checkpoints - Answer --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when
detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on correctly.
common symptoms people with cancer have - Answer bleeding
pleural/peritoneal fluid
anorexia
weight loss
wasting of body fat and muscle tissue
weakness
fatigue
Module Exam 2 Latest Update
Comprehensive Questions with Verified
Answers Pass 100%
2 broad etiologic causes of cancer? - Answer 1. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that
transform normal cells to cancer cells.
2. The external factors such as age, heredity, and environmental agents.
2 cancer associated genes? - Answer Protooncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
3 main groups of cells that proliferate - Answer (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of
skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large number of progenitor cells
if needed.
5 possible treatments for cancer - Answer surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
hormone therapy
biotherapy
angiogenesis - Answer When the tumor reaches the distant site, it must establish blood vessels
and growth factors to continue to grow. The development of new blood vessels within the tumor is
termed angiogenesis.
be familiar with table 2.5 classification system - Answer
benefits of the stem cell - Answer --remain dormant until they are needed
--When needed, they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of the
differentiated cell.
--Self-renewal: the stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
undifferentiated state
, --Potency: describes the differentiation potential of stem cells
cancer cell characteristics as summarized in table 2.3 - Answer
carcinoma in situ - Answer --localized preinvasive lesion
--can typically be surgically removed or treated, and recurrence is less likely
cell cycle (figure 2.1) - Answer G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
characteristics of benign neoplasms - Answer --cell characteristics: well-differentiated cells that
resemble cells in the tissue of origin
--rate of growth: progressive and slow; may stop or regress
--mode of growth: by expansion without invading surrounding tissues; usually encapsulated
--metastasis: does not spread by metastasis
characteristics of malignant neoplasms - Answer --cell characteristics: undifferentiated cells,
atypical structure that don't look like cells in tissue of origin
--rate of growth: variable; greater differentiation, more rapid rate of growth
--mode of growth: by invasion, infiltrating the surrounding tissues
--metastasis: gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body
checkpoints - Answer --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when
detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on correctly.
common symptoms people with cancer have - Answer bleeding
pleural/peritoneal fluid
anorexia
weight loss
wasting of body fat and muscle tissue
weakness
fatigue
