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I N T R O D U C T I O N Fiber optics lighting is not a revolutionary or new technology, in essence is only about carrying light, from one point to another by means of a lens, more or less flexible and long. The problem is the air of mysticism surrounding the industry*. The result is a strange industry where it is difficult to know for sure the result of the system being ins talled and where disappointment, in part due to unfair hopes, is common. The present work is a collection of the questions most often made by professionals during seminars, consulting, and projects over a quarter of a century. The questions are worded in a short straight forward manner and answered based on objective scientific criteria, without publicity, trademarks, or personal preferences, in an effort to help the general understanding of these systems. Oslo, May 1.999 7 * Coupled with the speed of changes and the slippery nature of basic physics. 8 F I B E R S 1. W What i is a a f fiber o optic? Fiber optics are long lenses. A cylinder or rod of transparent material forming a core surrounded by an external cladding with a slightly different material. Light, when entering the fiber, rebounds on the outer cladding towards the core. This way the light advances through the fiber in bounds or steps, until it exits at the other end. 2. HHow m many k kinds oof f fibers a are t there? In truth, there is only one fiber optic. The term "fiber optics" applies really to a branch of light physics dealing with the properties of certain materials that display a phenomenon called "total internal reflection", and not to an object. All optical elements such as lenses, prisms and rods use total internal reflection as a mecha nism for light transportation. In the elements described as fiber optics light travels by virtue of this effect but it does so in a number of ways; monomode, multimode, step index, gradient index and so on. For lighting purposes or, to be more exact, to handle visible light, the standard type or fibers are the so-called multimode step index fibers. The use of the other types is confined exclusively to data or signal transmission. 3. W What aare f fiber o optics m made o off? For lighting purposes or visible light spectrum transmission, several kinds of fibers are used. Glass in very fine strands that have to be bunched together in order to make a sizeable light carrier, PMMA, and polycarbonate in sizes from 0,25 to 3mm and solid core fibers made from special polymers in a Teflon sheath from 3mm to over one-inch thick. Other types of fibers such as liquid core, colored fibers, fluorescent, and scintillating are little used and for specialized applications. 4. AAre tthere d different q qualities o of f fiber o optics? Definitely yes. The raw materials used in the manufacture of fibers may be similar in some instances but the process to make finished optics can vary greatly from one manufacturer to another. The greatest differences arise from the level of purity and refinement with which the raw materials are pro duced, the degree of impurities, contamination and the very technology of the process. Optical properties such as numerical aperture, attenuation and selective spectral absorption are widely diff

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FIBER OPTICS
100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Juan Carlos Jiménez Cortés,1999
Depósito Legal: B- 7731- 2000
Registration in Barcelona. Number B- 32448-1999All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permis-
sion of the copyright holder. Application for which should be addressed to the publisher.
Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is sto-
red in a retrieval system of any nature.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
2 INDEX
FIBERS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1. What is a fiber optic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2. How many kinds of fibers are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
3. What are fiber optics made off? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
4. Are there different qualities of fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
5. What is a light guide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
6. What are bare fibers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
7. What are sheathed fibers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
8. Is the sheath color important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
9. What is a harness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
10. Do fibers have losses? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
11. Why do some fibers change the color of the light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
12. Is low attenuation a sign of good quality fiber? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
13. What are the advantages of glass fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
14. And the disadvantages? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
15. What are the advantages of polymer fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
16. And the disadvantages? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
17. Can I light a house with fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
18. Are fiber optics efficient as a means to transport light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
19. What can justify the use of fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
20. Are fibers safe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
21. Who makes fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
22. How are fiber optics made? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
23. Are optical fibers fragile? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
24. Can fibers be bent at right angles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
25. Can lighting fiber optics be spliced or joined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
26. Will light go any length along a fiber? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
27. How many sizes are there of lighting fiber optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
28. Can you put any amount of light into a fiber optic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
29. Do fiber optics transmit radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
30. Glass or polymer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
31. Can fibers be made any size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
32. How long will fiber optics last? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
33. Can several fibers give the same amount of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
34. What are side-emitting fibers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
35. Are there different types of side emitting fibers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
36. What are solid core fibers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
37. What are multistranded optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
38. What are coiled or roped optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
39. Solid core or multicore? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
40. Can side emitting optics be as bright or brighter than neon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
41. With all the limitations, what are the uses of side emitting optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
42. What are the design constraints to side emitting optics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
43. Could the light along a side emitting optic be absolutely homogeneous? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
44. Will we always see a difference in brightness along an optic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
45. Can light be made to move or chase along a side emitting optic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
46. Are the side-emitting fibers with reflecting core more luminous? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
47. Is there any way to improve side-emitting viewing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 9 ILLUMINATORS
48. What is an illuminator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
49. What makes a good illuminator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
50. Is bigger better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
51. How many types of illuminators are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
52. Halogen or gas discharge? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
53. Must all illuminators have forced ventilation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
54. How noisy is an illuminator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
55. Are certifications important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
56. Are machines with the CE mark certified? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
57. How then do I recognize a product's quality? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
58. What about ISO 9000? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
59. How does a color change works? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
60. What is a dychroic filter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
61. Are heat fuses necessary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
62. Can multiple illuminators change colors simultaneously? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
63. Can illuminators be computer controlled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
64. What is DMX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
ENDS, FITTINGS AND TERMINALS
65. What are end terminations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
66. What are single ends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
67. Are there many types of single ends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
68. Is the fiber end important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
69. How are glass fibers ended? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
70. How are polymer fibers terminated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
71. How are solid core fibers terminated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
72. How are coiled, twisted or roped fibers terminated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
73. What is a common end? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
74. Is the common end important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
75. What makes a good common end? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
76. How many types of common end are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
77. What is a randomized common end? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 0
78. What are end fittings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
79. How many types of end fittings are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
80. Fittings or fixtures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
81. Who manufactures end fittings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
82. Are end fittings standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
83. What is an optical port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
84. Are there different types of optical port? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
85. Who manufactures optical ports? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
86. Are optical ports compatible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
SYSTEMS
87. What is a fiber optics system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
88. What is a fiber optics systems integrator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
89. What is the difference between a fiber optics manufacturer and
a fiber optics system manufacturer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
90. Who are the best fiber optics manufacturers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3
91. Who are the best systems integrators? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
92. How many parts does a fiber optics system have? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
93. Are fiber optics systems expensive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
94. Will fiber optics systems be cheaper in the future? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
95. Are fiber optics systems difficult to install? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
96. What is a starry sky? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
97. What is an effect wheel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
98 What is an animation harness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
99. What are spatial effects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
100. How would you describe in one word fiber optics lighting systems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

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