PORTAGE LEARNING – MICROBIOLOGY MODULE 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS

Microorganism - Answer Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae) Virus - Answer Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes Microbes - Answer Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful Cell - Answer Smallest, most basic biological unit of life All cells are compromised of - Answer Macromolecules (building bloacks) Four main types of macromolecules found ing cells - Answer Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides Proteins - Answer Comprised of amino acids, facilitate movement of materials, act as enzymes to speed up biochemical processes, structural role Amino Acid - Answer Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds Each protein - Answer has its own unique sequence of amino acids Essential Amino Acids - Answer human body cannot produce them, they must be taken in from the environment through other sources (food you eat) Nucleic Acid - Answer chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell Two types of nucleic acids - Answer DNA and RNA DNA - Answer deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vast amount of hereditary info and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms, made from nucleotides RNA - Answer ribonucleic acid, responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? - Answer Yes Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? - Answer Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus Three parts of a nucleotide - Answer Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group Four kinds of nitrogenous bases - Answer Adenine or guanine (purine bases) and cytosine or thymine (pyrimidine bases) What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? - Answer Sugar and phosphate What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? - Answer Nitrogenous base Strands from DNA produce a - Answer double helix (two strands held together by hydrogen bonding) Adenine and Thymine - Answer Complimentary bases, form two hydrogen bonds Guanine and Cytosine - Answer Complimentary bases, form three hydrogen bonds RNA contains the _____ ribose rather than deoxyribose - Answer Sugar RNA is always ______ stranded - Answer Single RNA contains bases - Answer adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (no thymine); U pairs with A, A can still pair with T Lipids form the - Answer foundation of the plasma membrane; this surrounds the cell as a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment Lipids are composed of - Answer Hydrophobic hydrocarbons Plama membrane - Answer restricts movement of materials either in or out of the cell, keep what is needed, prevent escape of essential nutrients Polysaccharides and Proteins - Answer are often associated with the membrane and aid in controlling movement of materials in and out of the cell Lipid Bi-Layer - Answer Two layers of lipids stacked on top of each other, with the hydrophobic tail regions pointing inward Carbohydrates - Answer Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CH2O)n (# of carbon and oxygen is always equal with the number of hydrogen levels doubled; C6H12O6) 3 groups of Carbohydrates - Answer Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide Monosaccharide - Answer One single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples; linear or ring structures Disaccharide - Answer Two monosaccharides joined together; sucrose, maltose, lactose; broken