PORTAGE LEARNING - MICROBIOLOGY, MODULE 5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% PASS)

PORTAGE LEARNING - MICROBIOLOGY, MODULE 5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% PASS) universal precautions - Answer any and all samples, whether known or unknown, are to be treated as potentially hazardous (or pathogenic) materials process of microbial analysis - Answer SSMPGRC/staying sexy makes people get really cool (size/shape, motility, picture, gram +/-, reactions, color) streptococcus - Answer a Gram positive, round bacteria that tend to link together in chain-like structures/ catalase negative, meaning it cannot breakdown peroxides blood agar plate - Answer plate on which strep is often cultured hemolytic properties - Answer as there are numerous subtypes of streptococcus, culturing on BAP is perhaps the quickest way to identify and classify a potential streptococcus microbe based on its.... Lancefield groupings - Answer beta-hemolytic Streptococcus can be divided into antigenic groups known as... carbohydrate composition - Answer while all bacteria within Lancefield groupings are catalase- negative and coagulase-negative, the distinction lies in the _____________________ of bacterial antigens located in the cell wall Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer belongs to Group A, is the causative agent behind >90% of human streptococcal infections resulting in pharyngitis, scarlet fever or rheumatic fever Streptococcal pharyngitis - Answer a group A disease characterized by fever, enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck and a reddening within the lining of the throat surface tissue causing soreness and discomfort rheumatic fever - Answer if left untreated, strep throat can progress to... rheumatic fever - Answer presents with an inflammation of the joints, involuntary jerking movements, the development of pea-sized nodules beneath the skin, and reddened areas with raised edges over the surface of the skin heart valves - Answer the most serious development of rheumatic fever is the damage to ________________ as the bacteria targets this organ penicillin - Answer vital to the treatment of rheumatic fever antigens - Answer inflammation of the heart tissues occurs due to the similarities between _____________ found within heart tissue and those belonging to Streptococcus. Streptococcal septicemia - Answer caused by a Group B streptococcus infection of the blood but can also secondarily infect other surrounding tissues. In actuality, the host response (fever, increased heart rate, etc) to the infectious foreign agent and not just the foreign microbe alone can be equally damaging to the body septicemia - Answer a serious, life-threatening infection that worsens quickly due to its systemic nature ,can arise from infections in the lungs, abdomen, or urinary tract and may precede or accompany meningitis or endocarditis symptoms of septicemia - Answer fever, chills, rapid breathing and an increased heart rate/rapidly progress to shock (with fever or hypothermia) and a decrease in blood pressure treatment of septicemia - Answer antibiotics, IV fluids and oxygen Staphylococcus - Answer a Gram positive, round bacteria that tend to form grape-like clusters/ both catalase & coagulase-positive & is a facultative anaerobe facultative anaerobe - Answer capable of growth both aerobically & anaerobically commensal bacterium - Answer neither harms nor benefits the host from which it obtains nutrients, ex. Staph folliculitis - Answer affects the hair follicles causing the formation of lesions called pustules, larger pus-filled skin lesions (boils and carbuncles) can also develop anywhere on the surface of the skin scalded skin syndrome - Answer most often seen in young children and infants due to an infection by Staph aureus, causes pustules to rupture yielding a 'scalded' appearance due to the peeling of the skin penicillin or erythromycin - Answer treatment of staph impetigo - Answer a contagious childhood skin disease and presents as fluid-filled red sores near the mouth and/or nose/when ruptured, scratched or rubbed the infection can be spread to other parts of the body or to anyone who comes into direct contact with the fluid conjunctivitis - Answer an infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) as well as the inner surface of the eyelid symptoms of conjunctivitis - Answer trademark red/pink color in either one or both eyes often associated with a painful, burning or itching sensation/may find their eyelids are 'stuck shut' in the morning due to an increase in tear production. hand washing - Answer the best precaution against conjunctivitis is proper and consistent ______________, as the infection is most often established by rubbing your eyes with contaminated hands ophthalmia neonatorum - Answer a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies that could lead to permanent eye damage unless it is treated immediately, occurs when an infant is exposed to Chlamydia or gonorrhea bacterium while passing through the birth canal neomycin - Answer applied to newborns' eyes to prevent potential infections and permanent eye damage tuberculosis - Answer a small, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium/hows a poor Gram stain (weakly positive at best) phenotype/spread from person to person through the air via mucosal emissions, (i.e.) cough, sneeze, spit, etc., and must be inhaled in order to be infectious acid-fast stain - Answer TB is best visualized via an... non-infectious - Answer when located outside of the lung, TB tends to be... symptoms of TB - Answer a bad cough for > 3 weeks, pain located in the chest, coughing up blood or heavy sputum/ weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and fever/chills tuberculin - Answer a purified protein extract of tubercle bacillus treatment of TB - Answer soniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA) leprosy - Answer caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a small rod-shaped, acid-fast bacterium/ can be asymptomatic for 3-20 years/spread from person to person via airborne fluid droplets from the nose and/or mouth but is surprisingly not as infectious/mainly affects the skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract and eyes of infected individuals treatment of leprosy - Answer dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine, provided free of charge by WHO botulism - Answer caused by Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore forming, bacillus bacterium/when exposed to anaerobic conditions, releases a paralytic toxin that affects motor neurons food borne, infant, and wound - Answer three main conditions that cause toxin production in botulism foodborne botulism - Answer often the result of improperly canned, contaminated, low-acidic foods such as green beans, corn and beats/ low-oxygen environment the production of the toxin is stimulated, and if later eaten can cause severe illness infant botulism - Answer occurs when children, usually under the age of 6 months consume foods containing the bacteria/a still maturing intestinal tract and lack of an adult microbiota, the bacteria are able to colonize and produce the associated toxin honey - Answer a potential source of infant botulism is __________ but can also be found in common places such as soil wound botulism - Answer occurs when C. botulinum bacteria colonize a deep wound/ most often observed in individuals who inject street drugs such as heroine (as contaminated needles are injected through the skin, spores enter the body and, in the absence of oxygen, release the toxin) tetanus - Answer caused by Clostridium tetani, a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore forming, bacillus bacterium often found in soil, dust and animal feces tetanospasmin toxin - Answer similar to C. botulinum, it is the _______________ produced by C. tetani (also under anaerobic conditions) that causes illness, not the bacteria itself tetanospasmin toxin - Answer acts on inhibitory neurons causing systemic muscle stiffness and spasms, most often seen initially in the masseter muscle of the jaw lockjaw - Answer pseudonym for tetanus respiratory failure - Answer left untreated, tetanus can lead to ________________ as the muscles associated with breathing no longer function properly there isn't one! - Answer cure for tetanus gas gangrene - Answer caused by Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore forming, bacillus bacterium that can be found nearly anywhere in nature alpha toxin - Answer similar to botulism and tetanus, C. perfringes produces an ______________________, perfringolysin, under anaerobic conditions most often established from deep puncture wounds perfringolysin - Answer ___________________ acts by forming pores in the plasma membrane of host cells (effectively perforating the membrane) resulting in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death symptoms of gas gangrene - Answer characterized by muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever and intense gas production—the byproduct of robust carbohydrate fermentation under anaerobic conditions gas production - Answer ________________ leads to further cell damage (necrosis) and in turn further invasion of the pathogenic bacteria treatment of gas gangrene - Answer removal of all infected tissue, often resulting in amputation of the affected areas, in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies Legionnaires' - Answer caused by Legionella, a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile (single flagellum) bacterium Legionella pneumophila - Answer over 90% of all Legionnaires diagnoses are due to an infection by... legionella - Answer normally found in fresh water reservoirs (lakes and streams), when found in contaminated man-made water systems (hot tubs, hot water tanks, AC cooling units), ____________ can only be transmitted through droplets small enough to be breathed in can not - Answer Legionella ___________ be spread simply by direct contact between people. symptoms of legionella - Answer developing pneumonia as well as fever, headaches, muscle aches, coughs and shortness of breath/ commonly appear between 2-10 days post exposure to the bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics plague - Answer caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped bacterium capable of infecting both humans and animals 3 forms of plague - Answer bubonic, pneumonic and septicemic infected fleas - Answer all three forms of plague were initially spread via bites from _________________ coming from small animals (e.g.) rats bubonic plague - Answer best characterized by painfully swollen lymph nodes pneumonic plague - Answer affects the respiratory system (lungs) and although rare, it is a highly virulent form septicemic plague - Answer most rare of all three plagues, targets the blood system and, if left untreated, will develop into a life-threatening illness as the blood-borne bacteria can infect all major organs symptoms of plague - Answer headache, fever, seizures, bleeding, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure and organ failure treatment of plague - Answer streptomycin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and doxycycline anthrax - Answer caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, spore- forming bacterium commonly found in the soil where it most often exists in the endospore form 3 forms of anthrax - Answer cutaneous, pulmonary and gastrointestinal cutaneous anthrax - Answer appears as a large painless boil (blister or ulcer) with a distinct black center at the site of infection pulmonary anthrax - Answer rare in humans, symptoms include fever, headache, cough and shortness of breath gastrointestinal anthrax - Answer results in intestinal complications such as severe diarrhea, vomiting and acute inflammation of the intestinal tract bioweapon - Answer due to the resiliency of the spores even to chlorine bleach, anthrax has also been adapted as a _____________ dating back as far as 1916 lyme disease - Answer caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a motile (multi-flagellated), anaerobic spirochete (negative stain required) bacterium/transmitted through a tick bite, as an infected tick will contain B burgdorferi in its saliva symptoms of lyme disease - Answer trademark 'bulls-eye' rash will appear surrounding the bite mark and can be followed by fever/chills, headache, muscle and joint pain and fatigue/left untreated the bacteria can spread systemically leading to long-term arthritic and neurological complications gonorrhea - Answer caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative, diplococcic/utilizes pilli, small protein filament appendages, for attachment and movement chocolate agar - Answer best for plating gonorrhea syphilis - Answer caused by Treponema pallidum, a Gram-negative spirochete/ best identified via dark-field microscopy symptoms of gonorrhea - Answer may cause inflammatory responses in the urethra, throat, prostate, anus and testes/left untreated, a systemic infection may result in cardiac and neurological complications such as endocarditis and meningitis initial syphilis symptoms - Answer 'imitate' a wide-range of other diseases such as fever, headache, sores and rash primary, secondary, latent and late - Answer long-term syphilis complications are divided into four stages... primary stage (syphilis) - Answer can last 3-6 weeks and presents with single or multiple sores located at the point of infection secondary stage (syphilis) - Answer skin rashes resembling rough red or brown spots may appear, varying in both intensity and localization/symptoms can include fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches and fatigue latent stage (syphilis) - Answer begins when all of the above physical symptoms disappear, during this stage individuals can remain asymptomatic for many (> 30) years late stage (syphilis) - Answer typically occurs 10-30 years post-infection and presents with severe complications ranging from paralysis, blindness, diminished muscle coordination/movement, dementia and organ failure chlamydia - Answer caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a Gram-negative, non-motile rod bacterium unique from the other STDs discussed above, in that it is an obligate parasite C. trachomatis - Answer cannot be grown on agar media alone—it requires, by definition, a host. In order to culture C. trachomatis, the bacteria must be added to a culture of viable cells, wherein the bacteria must first infect (enter) the cells and then replicate symptoms of chlamydia - Answer indistinguishable from gonorrhea pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - Answer untreated chlamydia infection can cause severe reproductive complications (infertility) due to the onset of... male chlamydia symptoms - Answer in men, often results in urethritis, an inflammation of the ureter, and a burning sensation while urinating treatment of chlamydia - Answer azithromycin, erythromycin or ofloxacin