Anthropology 102: EXAM 2 Summary Questions (ONLY)
Describe the 3 main forms of exchange in economic systems - correct answer ✔✔1.) Reciprocity = the giving and receiving of objects or services without the transfer of money
- 3 subtypes: generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity
2.) Redistribution = members of a group contribute products, objects, or money into a pool or fund, which a central authority reallocates or uses for public purposes (taxes and tribute)
3.) Market = exchange involves buying and selling commodities and requires money, prices determined by supply and demand, and privately owned property
Analyze how the from of reciprocity between people varies with social distance - correct answer ✔✔The kind of reciprocity between individuals and groups depends on the normatively appropriate social distance between them
- Exchanges can communicate messages about feelings and relationships, so they often have symbolic as well as material content
Discuss the relationship between redistribution and political organization - correct answer ✔✔Redistribution is a major form of exchange in societies that have a formal political leaders (most commonly called chiefs)
- Chiefs receive tribute from their subjects in form of labor
- Chiefs organize labor for public projects and reallocate products among community
Describe the properties of money - correct answer ✔✔Money makes the exchange of good and services more convenient and functions as:
- a medium of exchange
- a standard of value and a store of value
Characteristics of money:
- durability
- divisibility - limited supply
- portability
Discuss the distinction between market exchange and market economies (capitalism) and the difference between neoliberalism and social welfare capitalism - correct answer ✔✔1.) - Market exchange involves the buying and selling of products or services using money - Market economies exist wherever market principles organize the entire economy of people (capitalism = economic growth by accumulation and investment of capital)
2.)
- Neoliberals place great trust in the Invisible Hand of markets to regulate economic activity and produce
optimal outcomes
- In social welfare capitalist economies, governments exercise a lot of control over the free market to benefit workers and the poor
Discuss the globalization of markets and its impacts on workers, consumers, corporations, and cultural preservation - correct answer ✔✔- Because of market globalization, most of the world is integrated into a single-market system. Global markets impacts all categories of people - Corporations who export production facilities benefit from lowered production costs and generally make more profit
- Consumers benefit from prices that are lower than they otherwise would be. - The impacts on working-class people in all countries are more complicated, variable, and debated
Why is kinship important in creating relationships, forming groups, and organizing activities in so many preindustrial cultures? - correct answer ✔✔Many of the functions and activities organized by specialized
groups in modernized, urbanized societies are organized by kinship groups in many premodern cultures. Kinship groups often organize economic, political, military, ritual, and other activities. Kinship ties also help form a person's social identity and often determine one's social rank.
Describe the two main forms of unilineal descent and the kinship groups that result from them - correct answer ✔✔Unilineal descent = decent through "one line" including patrilineal or matrilineal
Patrilineal = most important kinship relationship with father
Matrilineal = most important kinship relationship with mother
Describe the 3 main forms of exchange in economic systems - correct answer ✔✔1.) Reciprocity = the giving and receiving of objects or services without the transfer of money
- 3 subtypes: generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity
2.) Redistribution = members of a group contribute products, objects, or money into a pool or fund, which a central authority reallocates or uses for public purposes (taxes and tribute)
3.) Market = exchange involves buying and selling commodities and requires money, prices determined by supply and demand, and privately owned property
Analyze how the from of reciprocity between people varies with social distance - correct answer ✔✔The kind of reciprocity between individuals and groups depends on the normatively appropriate social distance between them
- Exchanges can communicate messages about feelings and relationships, so they often have symbolic as well as material content
Discuss the relationship between redistribution and political organization - correct answer ✔✔Redistribution is a major form of exchange in societies that have a formal political leaders (most commonly called chiefs)
- Chiefs receive tribute from their subjects in form of labor
- Chiefs organize labor for public projects and reallocate products among community
Describe the properties of money - correct answer ✔✔Money makes the exchange of good and services more convenient and functions as:
- a medium of exchange
- a standard of value and a store of value
Characteristics of money:
- durability
- divisibility - limited supply
- portability
Discuss the distinction between market exchange and market economies (capitalism) and the difference between neoliberalism and social welfare capitalism - correct answer ✔✔1.) - Market exchange involves the buying and selling of products or services using money - Market economies exist wherever market principles organize the entire economy of people (capitalism = economic growth by accumulation and investment of capital)
2.)
- Neoliberals place great trust in the Invisible Hand of markets to regulate economic activity and produce
optimal outcomes
- In social welfare capitalist economies, governments exercise a lot of control over the free market to benefit workers and the poor
Discuss the globalization of markets and its impacts on workers, consumers, corporations, and cultural preservation - correct answer ✔✔- Because of market globalization, most of the world is integrated into a single-market system. Global markets impacts all categories of people - Corporations who export production facilities benefit from lowered production costs and generally make more profit
- Consumers benefit from prices that are lower than they otherwise would be. - The impacts on working-class people in all countries are more complicated, variable, and debated
Why is kinship important in creating relationships, forming groups, and organizing activities in so many preindustrial cultures? - correct answer ✔✔Many of the functions and activities organized by specialized
groups in modernized, urbanized societies are organized by kinship groups in many premodern cultures. Kinship groups often organize economic, political, military, ritual, and other activities. Kinship ties also help form a person's social identity and often determine one's social rank.
Describe the two main forms of unilineal descent and the kinship groups that result from them - correct answer ✔✔Unilineal descent = decent through "one line" including patrilineal or matrilineal
Patrilineal = most important kinship relationship with father
Matrilineal = most important kinship relationship with mother
