Essentials of “introduction to the neurosciences” per powerpoint:
Note: excluding neurophysiology as this was scrapped this year.
Neuroanatomy I + II
Afferent: towards the brain (sensory info)
Efferent: away from the brain (motor info)
Glial cells:
In central nervous system (CNS):
– Astrocytes: support the CNS; blood-brain barrier; secrete neurotrophic factors; regulate sodium-
potassium balance.
– Microglia: “immigrate” into the CNS, part of scavenger system. Are responsible for cleaning up.
– Ependymal cells: create barriers between compartments (and form choroid plexus); they beat for
circulation of CSF.
– Oligondedrocytes: form myelin in the CNS.
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS):
– Schwann cells: mylenate in the PNS.
– Satellite cells: like astrocytes, but in the PNS.
Remak bundle: five different axons in cytoplasm. No myelination. Covered by Schwann cell.
Precentral gyrus: primary somatomotor cortex.
Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex.
Brainstem: midbrain (mesencephalon); pons; medulla oblongata
,Meninges (from outside to inside): bony surround > epidural space (virtual; real) > dura mater
perosteal layer > dura mater meningeal layer > subdural space (virtual) > arachnoid mater >
subarachnoid space (real) filled with CSF and arteries > pia mater > CNS
Double layer of dura: dura duplicatures
Falx cerebri: between hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli: between cerebrum en cerebellum. Supports
the occipital lobe.
Arachnoid granulations: way for CSF to be led into the sinuses.
No circulation means hydrocephaly and more problems.
Virtual space: space is there in theory. Gets filled with blood in
case of a hemorrhage.
Dural sac: reaches to S2 (see image on the right).
Continuous single layer of connective
tissue completely surrounding the leptomeninges and the
spinal cord inside the vertebral canal
Vertebrae: 7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacrum; 4 coccyx.
These are the bones. For the nerves see the image.
There are more nerves around the extremities.
,Sinuses: inside dural
duplicatures.
Cisterns: larger
subarachnoid spaces filled
with CSF.
You need to know:
cisterna ambiens; cisterna
magna; interpeduncular
cistern
Ventricles: I consider to be
known (as well as the
lobes).
Bochdalek's flower basket:
roof of 4th ventricle choroid
plexus.
Foramina of Monro: lateral
ventricles to the third ventricle.
Foramina of Luschka: sides
of fourth ventricle.
Foramen of Magendie:
median aperture, see blue arrow
in image on the right.
,Arteries: circle of Willis on the right.
Perfusion areas: areas supplied with blood.
Red: cerebri media
Blue: cerebri anterior
Yellow: cerebri posterior
Neuroanatomy III + IV
About the spinal cord:
Dorsal horn: afferent (sensory info)
Ventral horn: efferent (motor info)
Stimulus reflex: receptor > sensory neuron > integration center (intermediary grey) > motor neuron
> effector
I-IV: dorsal horn
V / VI: intermediate grey
VII-IX: ventral horn
Lateral: lateral motor column (LMC) > distal muscles (only in cervical and lumbar parts)
Medial: medial motor column (MMC) > axial and proximal muscles
It’s important to know the names of the spinal cord
parts.
Motor-axons from the spinal nerves will have to be
recombined into appropriate (combined) muscle nerve
bundles; the peripheral nerves!
, Nerves
you need to know: II; V; VII; VIII
II: opticus > sight [spawn from diencephalon]
V: trigeminus > jaw-muscles and some sensory of the face [spawn from pons]
VII: facialis > facial expression [spawn from pons and medulla]
VIII: vestibulocochlearis > balance/equilibrium and hearing [spawn from pons and medulla]
Slides 47-57 go through multiple structures. I would not be able to summarize that better, so I wont.
I assume people who read this already know most structures well thus I won’t copy paste images of
the basal ganglia. Here’s the confusing names though:
Striatum: caudate nucleus; putamen
Lentiform nucleus: putamen; globus pallidus
Corpus striatum: caudate nucleus; putamen; globus pallidus
Basal ganglia: caudate nucleus; putamen; globus pallidus; subthalamic nucleus; substantia nigra
Corticofugal fiber system:
corona radiata > internal capsule > cerebral peduncle > pontine fibers > pyramidal tract
Note: excluding neurophysiology as this was scrapped this year.
Neuroanatomy I + II
Afferent: towards the brain (sensory info)
Efferent: away from the brain (motor info)
Glial cells:
In central nervous system (CNS):
– Astrocytes: support the CNS; blood-brain barrier; secrete neurotrophic factors; regulate sodium-
potassium balance.
– Microglia: “immigrate” into the CNS, part of scavenger system. Are responsible for cleaning up.
– Ependymal cells: create barriers between compartments (and form choroid plexus); they beat for
circulation of CSF.
– Oligondedrocytes: form myelin in the CNS.
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS):
– Schwann cells: mylenate in the PNS.
– Satellite cells: like astrocytes, but in the PNS.
Remak bundle: five different axons in cytoplasm. No myelination. Covered by Schwann cell.
Precentral gyrus: primary somatomotor cortex.
Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex.
Brainstem: midbrain (mesencephalon); pons; medulla oblongata
,Meninges (from outside to inside): bony surround > epidural space (virtual; real) > dura mater
perosteal layer > dura mater meningeal layer > subdural space (virtual) > arachnoid mater >
subarachnoid space (real) filled with CSF and arteries > pia mater > CNS
Double layer of dura: dura duplicatures
Falx cerebri: between hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli: between cerebrum en cerebellum. Supports
the occipital lobe.
Arachnoid granulations: way for CSF to be led into the sinuses.
No circulation means hydrocephaly and more problems.
Virtual space: space is there in theory. Gets filled with blood in
case of a hemorrhage.
Dural sac: reaches to S2 (see image on the right).
Continuous single layer of connective
tissue completely surrounding the leptomeninges and the
spinal cord inside the vertebral canal
Vertebrae: 7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacrum; 4 coccyx.
These are the bones. For the nerves see the image.
There are more nerves around the extremities.
,Sinuses: inside dural
duplicatures.
Cisterns: larger
subarachnoid spaces filled
with CSF.
You need to know:
cisterna ambiens; cisterna
magna; interpeduncular
cistern
Ventricles: I consider to be
known (as well as the
lobes).
Bochdalek's flower basket:
roof of 4th ventricle choroid
plexus.
Foramina of Monro: lateral
ventricles to the third ventricle.
Foramina of Luschka: sides
of fourth ventricle.
Foramen of Magendie:
median aperture, see blue arrow
in image on the right.
,Arteries: circle of Willis on the right.
Perfusion areas: areas supplied with blood.
Red: cerebri media
Blue: cerebri anterior
Yellow: cerebri posterior
Neuroanatomy III + IV
About the spinal cord:
Dorsal horn: afferent (sensory info)
Ventral horn: efferent (motor info)
Stimulus reflex: receptor > sensory neuron > integration center (intermediary grey) > motor neuron
> effector
I-IV: dorsal horn
V / VI: intermediate grey
VII-IX: ventral horn
Lateral: lateral motor column (LMC) > distal muscles (only in cervical and lumbar parts)
Medial: medial motor column (MMC) > axial and proximal muscles
It’s important to know the names of the spinal cord
parts.
Motor-axons from the spinal nerves will have to be
recombined into appropriate (combined) muscle nerve
bundles; the peripheral nerves!
, Nerves
you need to know: II; V; VII; VIII
II: opticus > sight [spawn from diencephalon]
V: trigeminus > jaw-muscles and some sensory of the face [spawn from pons]
VII: facialis > facial expression [spawn from pons and medulla]
VIII: vestibulocochlearis > balance/equilibrium and hearing [spawn from pons and medulla]
Slides 47-57 go through multiple structures. I would not be able to summarize that better, so I wont.
I assume people who read this already know most structures well thus I won’t copy paste images of
the basal ganglia. Here’s the confusing names though:
Striatum: caudate nucleus; putamen
Lentiform nucleus: putamen; globus pallidus
Corpus striatum: caudate nucleus; putamen; globus pallidus
Basal ganglia: caudate nucleus; putamen; globus pallidus; subthalamic nucleus; substantia nigra
Corticofugal fiber system:
corona radiata > internal capsule > cerebral peduncle > pontine fibers > pyramidal tract
