BMD 252 Exam 2 | Summer 2024, Q & A (Complete Solutions)

BMD 252 Exam 2 | Summer 2024, Q & A (Complete Solutions) What is the primary function of hormones? A) Function as enzymes that catalyze the breakdown food molecules B) Act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body C) Influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses D) Activate extracellular enzymes Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? A) They typically have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their products. B) They use ducts to secrete their products into the surrounding tissue fluid. C) The products they synthesize and secrete are chemical messengers called hormones. D) They secrete products that reach their target cells by circulating through the bloodstream. Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands. A) Apocrine; merocrine B) Exocrine; endocrine C) Endocrine; exocrine D) Protein; steroid Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones? A) They are synthesized from cholesterol. B) They cross the plasma membrane. C) They require a receptor in the plasma membrane. D) They are lipid soluble. Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone? A) Estrogen B) Cortisol C) Aldosterone D) Epinephrine John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol? A) Thyroxine B) Testosterone C) Growth hormone D) Oxytocin The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A) Adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane B) Plasma membrane receptors C) Water-soluble hormone in the blood D) Phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm E) cAMP in the cytoplasm Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A) Plasma membrane receptors B) Cytoplasmic receptors C) cAMP D) Protein kinases E) Adenylate cyclase How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? A) Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. B) Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. C) Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. D) Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. E) Hormones are transported through the bloodstream to target cells. What is the role of activated protein kinases? A) Activate adenylate cyclase. B) Phosphorylate proteins. C) Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. D) Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. E) Degrade cAMP to AMP. Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. A) Protein kinase B) Phosphodiesterase C) Adenylate cyclase D) AMP E) G proteins What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? A) Bound to a protein complex B) Lipid-soluble C) Charged D) Protein-based The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ B) The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) The location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path D) Nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) Activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones B) Entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA C) Binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity D) Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) Glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone B) Growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) Insulin, because insulin is a small peptide Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified? A) Summation B) Permissiveness C) Antagonism D) Synergism Hormones that bind to plasma proteins ________. A) Are usually made of amino acids B) Are usually water soluble C) Are usually synthesized from cholesterol D) Must also bind to plasma membrane receptors The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________. A) Permissive hormones B) Synergistic hormones C) Plasma membrane receptors D) Antagonistic hormones In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) A stressor reaction B) Sensitivity increase C) Up-regulation D) Cellular affinity Which of the following is not a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? A) Enzymatic B) Humoral C) Hormonal D) Neural Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland. A) Antagonistic B) Humoral C) Hormonal D) Neural What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed? A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) Oxytocin C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) Cortisol Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism? A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) Aldosterone C) Thyroid hormones (TH) D) Growth hormone (GH) What gland secretes growth hormone? A) Anterior pituitary B) Thyroid gland C) Adrenal cortex D) Posterior pituitary Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? A) Posterior pituitary B) Hypothalamus C) Follicular cells of the thyroid gland D) Anterior pituitary What is the target of thyroid hormones? A) Anterior pituitary B) Thyroid C) Hypothalamus D) Cells of the body Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? A) B would release more TSH. B) The thyroid would swell and produce a goiter. C) More thyroid hormone would be produced. D) A would release less TRH. What is directly required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? A) Hormonal stimuli B) Neural stimuli C) Humoral stimuli D) All of the listed responses are correct. The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________. A) Amines B) Statins C) Tropins D) Steroids Which hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk in nursing mothers? A) Follicle-stimulating hormone B) Prolactin C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone D) Oxytocin Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration? A) Atrial natriuretic peptide B) Antidiuretic hormone C) Renin D) Glucagon A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______. A) Triggering the hypersecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones B) Triggering the hyposecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones C) Interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary D) Interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses from the posterior pituitary The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) Connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) Runs through the infundibulum C) Conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) Is the site of prolactin synthesis Oxytocin ________. A) Controls milk production B) Is an anterior pituitary secretion C) Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) Exerts its most important effects during menstruation Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) Hepatic portal system B) Hypophyseal portal system C) Feedback loop D) General circulatory system The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. A) It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release B) It is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release C) It is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) Embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males. B) A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? A) Growth hormone B) Parathyroid hormone C) Cortisol D) Thyroid stimulating hormone As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. A) Thyroid stimulating hormone B) ADH C) Growth hormone D) ACTH Your patient has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a severe head injury. As you monitor his urine output, you find that it has fallen sharply. Lab tests indicate that his serum osmolality is lower than normal (i.e., his plasma is too dilute). What should you suspect? A) Prolactin B) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. A) True B) False What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle? A) Enzymes that produce thyroglobulin B) Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, ready to be immediately released C) Pure iodine, so the thyroid has a constant supply D) Iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following? A) Congenital hypothyroidism B) Graves' disease C) Endemic goiter D) Myxedema Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. A) True B) False Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease. A) True B) False Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium. A) True B) False The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. A) True B) False What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? A) Hormonal B) Paracrine C) Neural D) Humoral Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism? A) An increase in calcium ion in circulating blood B) An increase in calcium absorption in the kidney tubule C) An increase in calcium absorption from food D) A decrease in the release of calcium from bones If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? A) More calcium will be present in feces. B) Vitamin D levels in the blood will drop. C) Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys. D) Bone mass and density will increase. Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood? A) Thymus B) Adrenal C) Thyroid D) Parathyroid Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) Increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys B) Inhibition of calcitonin synthesis C) Increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions D) Activation of osteoclasts A patient is being treated by her urologist for a fourth episode of kidney stones. Analysis of the stones shows that they are composed of calcium oxalate. The urologist orders an assay of which hormone? A) Cortisol