NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Actions of Insulin - ANS-Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver, muscle and
adipose tissue
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANS-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can
be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Acute renal failure - ANS-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - ANS-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute
withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of infection or other comorbid
stressful events
Alzheimer's Disease - ANS-Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive
decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - ANS-Autonomic Neuropathy
includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
, Bacterial Meningitis - ANS-Associated with compression of Cranial nerve V and results
in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing
Bell's Palsy - ANS-Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and results in facial
asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the affected side
Cerebrovascular Accident - ANS-Review s/s depending on the artery infarcted
Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or paresis
(greater in foot and thigh)
Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral loss of
vibratory sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point discrimination,
impaired rapid alternating movements
Chronic Renal Failure - ANS-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of
renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Cluster Headache - ANS-Unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain with ipsilateral
autonomic manifestations, including tearing on the affected side, ptosis of the ipsilateral
eye and congestion of the nasal mucosa
Occurs in one side of the head primarily in men between 20 to 50 years of age
Pain may alternate sides with each headache episode
Severe, stabbing and throbbing
Pain often referred to the midface and teeth
Complications of Decreased GFR - ANS-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Exam
Actions of Insulin - ANS-Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver, muscle and
adipose tissue
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANS-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can
be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Acute renal failure - ANS-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - ANS-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute
withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of infection or other comorbid
stressful events
Alzheimer's Disease - ANS-Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive
decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size
Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - ANS-Autonomic Neuropathy
includes:
GI Symptoms:
--Decreased esophageal motility
--Gastroparesis
--Delayed gastric emptying
, Bacterial Meningitis - ANS-Associated with compression of Cranial nerve V and results
in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing
Bell's Palsy - ANS-Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and results in facial
asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the affected side
Cerebrovascular Accident - ANS-Review s/s depending on the artery infarcted
Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or paresis
(greater in foot and thigh)
Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral loss of
vibratory sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point discrimination,
impaired rapid alternating movements
Chronic Renal Failure - ANS-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of
renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Cluster Headache - ANS-Unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain with ipsilateral
autonomic manifestations, including tearing on the affected side, ptosis of the ipsilateral
eye and congestion of the nasal mucosa
Occurs in one side of the head primarily in men between 20 to 50 years of age
Pain may alternate sides with each headache episode
Severe, stabbing and throbbing
Pain often referred to the midface and teeth
Complications of Decreased GFR - ANS-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
