Download this complete,fully solved and updated actual exam for Criminology WJEC Unit 2

Albert Cohen talked about status frustration, what is this? Emotion felt by individuals of lower classes because they are prevented from climbing social ladder and gaining status Messerschmidt talked about hegemonic masculinity, what is this? A theory that seeks to explain how and why men maintain dominance through the subordination of women in the social heiarchy Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:02 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Who founded left realism? Jock Young What does left realism focus on? Rehabilitation, reformation and supporting the reintroduction of criminals into society Left realists blame crime on... Relative deprivation, subcultures and marginalisation Who founded right realism? Charles Murray What does right realism focus on? Prison as retribution/ deterrence, zero tolerance and increased cctv Right realist Charles Murray blamed crime on? Growing underclass of non workers and lone parent families contributing to the breakdown of society Right realist Wilsch talked about broken windows, how does this relate to crime? More vandalism attracts more serious crimes therefore maintaining lawful atmosphere with neighbourhood watches will discourage more serious crime What is Durkheim's concept of anomie? Breakdown of social bonds between individuals and community What is the key concept of Merton's strain theory? The common goal of "the American dream" isn't achievable by all social groups which results in crime Conformist (strain theory) Accept goals and have the means to achieve Ritualist (strain theory) Reject hope of achieving goals but will work hard anyway to to gain respect Retreatist (strain theory) No goals or means... may turn to alcoholism or drug abuse Rebels (strain theory) Reject societies set goals and means replacing them with their own which could lead to violence and graffiti Innovators (strain theory) Accept goals but uses illegitimate means to gain wealth Interactionalists argue that... No act is inherently criminal or deviant, it is only societies reaction that labels it as such (Socialisation into gender roles) manipulation Encouraging behaviour conforming to stereotypes of a child's sex and discouraging behaviour outside of expectations (I.e. "Boys shouldn't dance") (Socialisation into gender roles) verbal appellations Using different phrases for different sexes I.e. "Boys will be boys" encourages boys to be immature longer than girls (Socialisation into gender roles) canalisation Pushing children towards toys associated with their sex The agreement of norms is a... Consensus that creates social order Who said that norms and values have coercive power and conformist behaviour is therefore passed on by agents of control? Durkheim What is the term used by the functionalist Durkheim to describe values becoming internalized by everyone? Collective conscience Miller talks about focal concerns, what is this? An attempt to explain lower class adolescent gangs through learned cultural values which included toughness and smartness