⑬
Physiological Responces sections
NERVE IMPUISES
structure of neurones
engin of accont polorized
usdechageMat enabler nevons to carry electrical impuses
nature of the newore membrane in its
testing
asa
state
.
I
-Neveclusarpolized in msgstr
RESTING POTENTAL
-Peripheral ht
·
EXTERNAL + INTERNAL STIMUli RESPONCES
nervous
-
> :
organisms increase their chances -
system .. inside =-
survivalof
environmental
by responding to .
S g ·
uses voltage
- due to polarisation theres a 1 in voltage across
changes
anmumbrane mot
- linked Nat
homeostasis an ability maintainaconstantintunaenvironmentdespite
: -
D a
externali n e a sy
· Channels
3
Fut
-
: 21 into accon
·
set point
internal factor
: levelled va l u e which a
conditions within
hey indecator
organisms that
must be
must be maintained
maintained at for heathly functioning + survival
synapse ,
neuronansmitter -
decrochemicalgradient can
,
e
for health
receptori na
:
. Nat for 24 using ATP in AT
·
+
-
3 .
factor infuences which may act to jepordise GENERATOR POT
·leternal
: homeostas a
-upon stimulation the ancon becomes
.
:
detectable changes in the environment ·
cenwal nevous
depolarized be neurone excites due to resting a
Potential Raya
complexer that repolarisation
Stimuli
identify
·
·
receptor R. system Shimur > Nat channels to open
-
D
atferentpathwaymessagewhichgeommruointegration+
&
·
·
voltage linked ↑ permeability to Nations , so Nations differe
Presen Nat channels
-
sends messages along a
Potentionenemagradiens a a
-
efferent pathway message from the integration centre to effector
F point of depolarisation
syn
·
:
Action ·
at the
·
effector :
target organ that recieves efferent messages + carries out responses in
musles/glands neuronansmitter
· channels open >
-
p d of
. home- a local current of Nations is
carried out deal with inital stime , muscle contation
~
action levent Nations
/gland scretion. . Ther
to
·
response : created
fast Rapid , short lasting , hansifted all or nothing Nat channels close +ht channels open as It to allow
specific t v diffuse sideways
HYERPOLARISATION
-
·
nerves : electrochemical messengers along new ores that are
out it reduces me p o value , but
,
diffuses + open
.
move
normones : chemical messengus proteins/steroids Slow , delayed , long lasting conc
dependent in blood widespread peripheral Local current to
·
+
-manyamps
· , ,
·
tascis : directional movements in response to stimulus towards it ① nervous
o re Nations ona a
system wave of depolarisation
·
henesis : movements in random directions in respone to unfavourable conditions
inherita ora
reaction parkway I uses voltage
REPOLARISATION
·behaviouranyresponsi+ potential to allow completion of a n imprise
:
chances et survival
·
innate +
-
,
optimum level linked Nat continue me wave' of depolarisation .
stimulus Channels
: gravopisgwinresponso
gravia rors) producto Lips
receptor
afferent sensory msg
by shoot in response tolight controller Factors effecting speed of conduction
efferent motor msg
effector ↑
Snucture
oa
myelinata
time
--
response DESCRIBE EXPLAIN
nari
Feedback loop
um vanition
INVERTABRATES v
·
simple animals respond to stimul in the environment by tascist henesis
Imperature IN HIBATOR + EXCITORY
· t a i d animals to escape predators find food locate habitats
they are involuntary movements , ,
ascon wider = sistance +
Tanistastertdiretegigdandimanwicmonaway might auneganveas,
↑ diameter , t speed
O friction for
d i am e -
sideways
· ins
s
stay So where be favourable conditions I
01
they are .
humidity move fast + tur n us
distance for impulses to
Salvatory
TROPISMS + FLOWERING PLANTS conduction.
as
- engin of the accon : Slower + Ap
photonopism
qualdistributionofFocused bylight is the
caused by
: une gray
+ I
-gravinopism
B SYNAPSES
↑·
IAA stinutales shoot
:
high growth + inhibits root growth
2
helpsswvivala FAA is made shoot Neuromuscular junctions
by lips by moves down shoot by diffusion
#
·
grow towards light Synapse = the junction between 2 neurones
"Ma
ForPhotosynthesi s
absord 20 + minerals
apimpbbnep ~ myelin
sheath
Y
nest receases newon harmites
-phototropism newomansmither : chemical that diffuses across synaptic cleft to transmit
+
gravitropism electrical impulse to post S N .
-
Lower side
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDANGE FOR AUXINS +TROPISMS
newasher
andintaina
s
#I ·"
actionporena e
aa
as an
I
uponad
·
7
acetylcholine is contained
that more towards Pres M + use
=>
.
to release acetylcholine mycribri
·
micaprevents
is auxins
moving down synaptic cleft
arrives
potential
action
1 at motoreda a
·
auxins from the blocks cause complimentary receptors 2
potential is created plate
+
s action .Ca
3 diffuse into the motor newone end
.
4 vesicles containing accrylcholine migrate + tuse
- acetylcholinesterase is
with the pre-synaptic membrane .
5 accrylcholine is released by exocytosis
.
6. accrylcholine diffuses across cyet and binds to
R ECEPTORS So A P can . repolarize
>
-
receptors on the Sarcolemma
Nat channels open on sarcolemma
.
. Nat
8 diffenses into muscle fibers : Sarcolemma
Stimuli
-
products of acetylcholine
specific stimulus-electrochemical energy used
detect and are
deppowithtransmitted down T-Lubes
receptors t convert
:
they ,
energy from in neurones ->
impuses is reabsorbed into pre S M . .
a .
outside receptor 10 .
Sarcoplasmic recrilium depolarises and releases
HOW DO RECEPTORS WORK ? cal+ into sarcoplasm
ECF
SYNAPSE FUNCTION Muscle contac ts
energy causes stimuli linked Nat channels to open and Nat more into receptors by
i
11 .
I . Stimulus .
facilitated diffusion ① unidirectional wansmission pre-post
.
2
if stimulus energy isn't strong enough , enough Natchannels open to build a 2 temporal summation , weal stimuli doesn't release enough newowansmitters are pleased > depolarisation
spartial us -
generator potential that breaches threshold level of depolovisation
enough c a n be made by : Temporal = 1 newore stimulated repeated or spatial : several new ores combine
.
3 nothing response Voltage linked Not channels open Not more into receptors cause depolarisation > Action potential Inhibitory synap a s cause
3 excitory vs inhibition newotransmitters. exitory synapees
all or . ... more -
.
by facilitated diffusion (further depolarisation ( hyperpolarisation by
+
GABA :: prevents A P and causes h /Cl-channels to open
.
action potential made ,is ransmitted to and carried
4.
by
s ensory nurones as neve impulses
↳issummuntiyjntmna
-
ShELETAl MUSCIES
-
·: game
action potential I 2
a
m must sinning antagonisticpairs muemapinopposite directions,s
past a
-
·
Nat channel V .L
( I
E
+
muscles act as antagonistic pairs against a n incompressible sheleron
Dils i)
I
·
each neworansmis Sion junction connects to > 1 music fibers -6 mysfibiils
sim
-
I
·
-
-
.
7 motor unit = groups of muscle fibers connected to same motor neurone
I
·
.
·
+
piasm
only A
·
O oo
O
Nat Microscopic muscle structure
I
-
low
- cytoplasm concentration 7
time
receptor generator potentials
membrane has
resting potential NERVOUS COMMUNICATION
a
Sacomees
nation
PACINIAN CORPUSCLE -
concious
I
Slow or fast twitch muscles
pin ·
Stimula ·
slow:specanized for slow contractions
and are adapted to
long perioder
A in contaction of excercise as they don't fatigue
~
region
micic
sarcomere shorter
Features
-
unconcious :
Earned r.
-
-
Al exciandnava
log
fast 12 Synapes + 1 neurotransmitter junc
ent
· tion SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
Shearh of S N . and 3 neurones no change
·
short-lived blood vessels + Lots of Mitochordia
Sig potential
Localized 1 when an action arrives at a NMJ
fast : adapted to release energy quickly
-
aplasmic r liumdelarisandrassat
a
·
into scrops
-
autonomic (no decisions made , protec + is s ? during intensive exercise. Thick
-
aids survival
4. me myosin binding sites on actin
this exposes myosin filaments , high conc. glycogen
potential transmitted and lots of
hydrolysed enzymes for
action S N to CNS
as neve impube along Pi to release energy that's used to anerobic
·
tip is by Alpase > ADP +
. .
.
5
-
RODS + CONES -recoch' myosin head-recovery stone respiration and store of phosphocrea
tin so ATP can regenerate
6 myosin head binds to actin filiment using Aip- cross bridge
-
- myosin headcasesAt
.
·
highlighteninymanprtorsndeeighinensis
pulling actin fillment oor a
·
=>
S
9. acrin myosin cross-bridge -
breaks
·
the remind at me back contains
of the
eye photoreceptors (rods/zones) detects light
of Cat and ATP in muscle contraction
t
how do photoreceptors work ? Roles
lightsensitive pigments : rods (Rhodopsin) and Comes (lodopsin) ca?
"
·
photoreceptors contain =
: Calt is released by sarcoplasmic recilium into sarcoplasm
when pigments absorb light, they undergo a chemical change called bleaching
pomyosintomoves
ca'+ bin
·
a a
expoetoroponinandcause
on
·
during this reaction energy is released providing a stimule to increase the permeability acrin to
of photosystem membranes to Nat
+actin
formation between myosin
Sodiumiontokupogedbymeshdramedstay
va n
·
and to the brain
newone to optic neve
optic neve
= nee
emai
RETINA
Lots
CONES
i
RODS
s arcoplasmic few
recrilium
Light
Como
Libers dorn
apper an ce
diagram I synapses
diameter minne micher
distributed concentrated in the torea
distribution evenly
on the peripheral sparsely found
in peripheral
revina
on
pariso theren, is
sensitivitighvi e
, absent
partsofretina
om is mechanism that amplifies a change away
positive feedback = a
forea
insensitive
+ blind spot
to colour ensitive ourtype
a
HOMEOSTASIS ·
from me normal level ( not involved in homeostasis)
gives a rapid activation of a process (labow) + associated
in me CSM
or
colour I black and while w i l a breakdown of control systems .
Light
time of day used for dayvision involves maintain internal environment within restricted limits
used for night vision homeostasis = a physiological control systems mat
connectivity many rodsjoin to one each cone joins to one bo
a
↳ Vital for cells to l i s t -
> enough ATP avoid
to damage + enzymes remain at optimum conditions
neurone
Light sensitivity ② stimulus-change
sensitivity
Drama a
Low
high light sensitivity increase in BGC
Response to an
acuity low visual acuity high visual acuity
langer hands
↳
defeated by B cells in the pancreas islets of
· : less maina = Bceus secrete insulin
compliment, i s
high light intensities
light intensitis
low in
-
·
more control 3-
bloodguecoebybinding
insurances
to
pigment bleaches even i n
-
·
types of control 4 more guico se carriers placed into plasma CSM
dim
several rods
Light
with
only bright light T HE HIDNEYS funcion of me hidneys : excretion of area reversedina =temperatu
a 5 more guicose entus a l l by facilitated diffusion
synapse
·
avaenmm
on e cone
synapses osmoregulation - mis
one bipolar neurone so with one bipolar = pu , vol , pressure of blood
-
blood guelose
containse
ession ↳
many weak generator new one so
-
water potential
potentials combine to reach
generator J
potential must reach
is
striggean ai
rations pancrea
thresholdalon
a Response to a decrease in BGC
&
low
several rods
visual acuity
synapse with
Dipolar neurone
↳ deepanrasistlageman
-
see
highVisuaatten a receptors on liver cells
newnessobranas
bipa 4
·
to stimulate
activating enzymes
-
-glucose)
guconeogenes agycogen
rod light falls upon atty ↓ acids + amino acids + glycol
brain can tell whee
>
-
to glucose
indistinct images tell + distinct image
Light
1. ultrafiltration The role of adrenaline :
CONTROL OF RATE >
- myogenic a
conro ·
secreted
by adrenal glands when BGC ↓ below normal , stess + exece
pion
2 adrenaline
.
cycle
binds to its
complimentary receptors and activates
1 as the
left ventricle contracts ↑ hydrostatic pressure adenylyl cylase enzyme in liver cells
.waeandalso
2
plamcomponent
gomea b
3- activated adenyly cylase converts ATP into AMP and CAMP
aa
-Campasasodaymessengemaiacivares
n
protein
sends impuses and epimeli of ponocyte to form filtrate
LacavaPulmonary
which spread a
base,memsmasuaristmansst
4
Sladrenaline Inday Messenger
,
through me
M -
have + guylogen same
arria : sincatrial waves of depolarisation
stimulate contraction
.
arria sysole
.
ISA) node ·.
↓ Diabetes Memlinus hear advisories :
rays
-
arrio verticula · diet t in
au values sugar-sucrose digested by
11 11
no
a TIDM T2DM rapid
5.
- enzyme us stach w i r 2
LV + ,
problems in Diabetics production of glucose ingut . BJC
SLvalves
= TYPE insulin
ensuring unidirectional
blood How = aorra Mitochondria
-
coverproteina one
quee dependent insu high wholegrain die Stachdigea :
&m
pulmonary Lumen of ar
-
proximal : lower
peals + c e l ex digested
missa
r u bu le
convoluted t
INSULin
artery -
Microvilli TSA for > ?
reaud
no Y es regular excerci e l = + respiration rate +
respiration guilose ↓ BLA
i
-
user
_
vermenta
bunde
Purhyne
- autimmune
i
of miss CAUSE
tissue i
attac
Bus
the
nat
↑
avoid
/
prevent" B66
I
to to .
conducts impubes through
ventricletcontaina
g
7
invectiona
!
Nations TootMepTepil
a ONSET a dulmood
apebaseota e t Lower (Nat] inside PCT epithelial cell
Rish ,familyhisty is age 48 +, obesity
Na arinning eas
a
hammewmenaddi
2
. Nat move into PSTD ,
Automana control
history
notpindaman
family
ernicity
umen +p :
quecoer + na
all Wansporting
using co-carrier protein :·
insin -
drugs medicament
A in lifestyle
#I
- ↑ sensitivity
simums
response one
responded a
response . Distal
4 t ubule
convoluted dust
t
+
collecting
parnway
itmus
-
proteins
Stimulus
m
receptor
. Loop of Hence
3
-initi
& ·
~
due t e ·
ascending
Limb = more limb = impermeable
CNS
motor N
sympameric motor
medura oblongara
parasympathetic m o to r
①
has LionSJ/T longer the loop ofh eute binds to receptors and actives the
6 the enzyme
SA node receptors SA node receptors
pini
deeper into the meduled
effectors ↑ depolarisation ↓ depolarisation
3.
inDNatitea me more icns
AT out o AL
must
-
in
rom me s
medulla
sent to Avnode :. 4HR sent +o Avnode :: NHR
highest
Physiological Responces sections
NERVE IMPUISES
structure of neurones
engin of accont polorized
usdechageMat enabler nevons to carry electrical impuses
nature of the newore membrane in its
testing
asa
state
.
I
-Neveclusarpolized in msgstr
RESTING POTENTAL
-Peripheral ht
·
EXTERNAL + INTERNAL STIMUli RESPONCES
nervous
-
> :
organisms increase their chances -
system .. inside =-
survivalof
environmental
by responding to .
S g ·
uses voltage
- due to polarisation theres a 1 in voltage across
changes
anmumbrane mot
- linked Nat
homeostasis an ability maintainaconstantintunaenvironmentdespite
: -
D a
externali n e a sy
· Channels
3
Fut
-
: 21 into accon
·
set point
internal factor
: levelled va l u e which a
conditions within
hey indecator
organisms that
must be
must be maintained
maintained at for heathly functioning + survival
synapse ,
neuronansmitter -
decrochemicalgradient can
,
e
for health
receptori na
:
. Nat for 24 using ATP in AT
·
+
-
3 .
factor infuences which may act to jepordise GENERATOR POT
·leternal
: homeostas a
-upon stimulation the ancon becomes
.
:
detectable changes in the environment ·
cenwal nevous
depolarized be neurone excites due to resting a
Potential Raya
complexer that repolarisation
Stimuli
identify
·
·
receptor R. system Shimur > Nat channels to open
-
D
atferentpathwaymessagewhichgeommruointegration+
&
·
·
voltage linked ↑ permeability to Nations , so Nations differe
Presen Nat channels
-
sends messages along a
Potentionenemagradiens a a
-
efferent pathway message from the integration centre to effector
F point of depolarisation
syn
·
:
Action ·
at the
·
effector :
target organ that recieves efferent messages + carries out responses in
musles/glands neuronansmitter
· channels open >
-
p d of
. home- a local current of Nations is
carried out deal with inital stime , muscle contation
~
action levent Nations
/gland scretion. . Ther
to
·
response : created
fast Rapid , short lasting , hansifted all or nothing Nat channels close +ht channels open as It to allow
specific t v diffuse sideways
HYERPOLARISATION
-
·
nerves : electrochemical messengers along new ores that are
out it reduces me p o value , but
,
diffuses + open
.
move
normones : chemical messengus proteins/steroids Slow , delayed , long lasting conc
dependent in blood widespread peripheral Local current to
·
+
-manyamps
· , ,
·
tascis : directional movements in response to stimulus towards it ① nervous
o re Nations ona a
system wave of depolarisation
·
henesis : movements in random directions in respone to unfavourable conditions
inherita ora
reaction parkway I uses voltage
REPOLARISATION
·behaviouranyresponsi+ potential to allow completion of a n imprise
:
chances et survival
·
innate +
-
,
optimum level linked Nat continue me wave' of depolarisation .
stimulus Channels
: gravopisgwinresponso
gravia rors) producto Lips
receptor
afferent sensory msg
by shoot in response tolight controller Factors effecting speed of conduction
efferent motor msg
effector ↑
Snucture
oa
myelinata
time
--
response DESCRIBE EXPLAIN
nari
Feedback loop
um vanition
INVERTABRATES v
·
simple animals respond to stimul in the environment by tascist henesis
Imperature IN HIBATOR + EXCITORY
· t a i d animals to escape predators find food locate habitats
they are involuntary movements , ,
ascon wider = sistance +
Tanistastertdiretegigdandimanwicmonaway might auneganveas,
↑ diameter , t speed
O friction for
d i am e -
sideways
· ins
s
stay So where be favourable conditions I
01
they are .
humidity move fast + tur n us
distance for impulses to
Salvatory
TROPISMS + FLOWERING PLANTS conduction.
as
- engin of the accon : Slower + Ap
photonopism
qualdistributionofFocused bylight is the
caused by
: une gray
+ I
-gravinopism
B SYNAPSES
↑·
IAA stinutales shoot
:
high growth + inhibits root growth
2
helpsswvivala FAA is made shoot Neuromuscular junctions
by lips by moves down shoot by diffusion
#
·
grow towards light Synapse = the junction between 2 neurones
"Ma
ForPhotosynthesi s
absord 20 + minerals
apimpbbnep ~ myelin
sheath
Y
nest receases newon harmites
-phototropism newomansmither : chemical that diffuses across synaptic cleft to transmit
+
gravitropism electrical impulse to post S N .
-
Lower side
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDANGE FOR AUXINS +TROPISMS
newasher
andintaina
s
#I ·"
actionporena e
aa
as an
I
uponad
·
7
acetylcholine is contained
that more towards Pres M + use
=>
.
to release acetylcholine mycribri
·
micaprevents
is auxins
moving down synaptic cleft
arrives
potential
action
1 at motoreda a
·
auxins from the blocks cause complimentary receptors 2
potential is created plate
+
s action .Ca
3 diffuse into the motor newone end
.
4 vesicles containing accrylcholine migrate + tuse
- acetylcholinesterase is
with the pre-synaptic membrane .
5 accrylcholine is released by exocytosis
.
6. accrylcholine diffuses across cyet and binds to
R ECEPTORS So A P can . repolarize
>
-
receptors on the Sarcolemma
Nat channels open on sarcolemma
.
. Nat
8 diffenses into muscle fibers : Sarcolemma
Stimuli
-
products of acetylcholine
specific stimulus-electrochemical energy used
detect and are
deppowithtransmitted down T-Lubes
receptors t convert
:
they ,
energy from in neurones ->
impuses is reabsorbed into pre S M . .
a .
outside receptor 10 .
Sarcoplasmic recrilium depolarises and releases
HOW DO RECEPTORS WORK ? cal+ into sarcoplasm
ECF
SYNAPSE FUNCTION Muscle contac ts
energy causes stimuli linked Nat channels to open and Nat more into receptors by
i
11 .
I . Stimulus .
facilitated diffusion ① unidirectional wansmission pre-post
.
2
if stimulus energy isn't strong enough , enough Natchannels open to build a 2 temporal summation , weal stimuli doesn't release enough newowansmitters are pleased > depolarisation
spartial us -
generator potential that breaches threshold level of depolovisation
enough c a n be made by : Temporal = 1 newore stimulated repeated or spatial : several new ores combine
.
3 nothing response Voltage linked Not channels open Not more into receptors cause depolarisation > Action potential Inhibitory synap a s cause
3 excitory vs inhibition newotransmitters. exitory synapees
all or . ... more -
.
by facilitated diffusion (further depolarisation ( hyperpolarisation by
+
GABA :: prevents A P and causes h /Cl-channels to open
.
action potential made ,is ransmitted to and carried
4.
by
s ensory nurones as neve impulses
↳issummuntiyjntmna
-
ShELETAl MUSCIES
-
·: game
action potential I 2
a
m must sinning antagonisticpairs muemapinopposite directions,s
past a
-
·
Nat channel V .L
( I
E
+
muscles act as antagonistic pairs against a n incompressible sheleron
Dils i)
I
·
each neworansmis Sion junction connects to > 1 music fibers -6 mysfibiils
sim
-
I
·
-
-
.
7 motor unit = groups of muscle fibers connected to same motor neurone
I
·
.
·
+
piasm
only A
·
O oo
O
Nat Microscopic muscle structure
I
-
low
- cytoplasm concentration 7
time
receptor generator potentials
membrane has
resting potential NERVOUS COMMUNICATION
a
Sacomees
nation
PACINIAN CORPUSCLE -
concious
I
Slow or fast twitch muscles
pin ·
Stimula ·
slow:specanized for slow contractions
and are adapted to
long perioder
A in contaction of excercise as they don't fatigue
~
region
micic
sarcomere shorter
Features
-
unconcious :
Earned r.
-
-
Al exciandnava
log
fast 12 Synapes + 1 neurotransmitter junc
ent
· tion SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
Shearh of S N . and 3 neurones no change
·
short-lived blood vessels + Lots of Mitochordia
Sig potential
Localized 1 when an action arrives at a NMJ
fast : adapted to release energy quickly
-
aplasmic r liumdelarisandrassat
a
·
into scrops
-
autonomic (no decisions made , protec + is s ? during intensive exercise. Thick
-
aids survival
4. me myosin binding sites on actin
this exposes myosin filaments , high conc. glycogen
potential transmitted and lots of
hydrolysed enzymes for
action S N to CNS
as neve impube along Pi to release energy that's used to anerobic
·
tip is by Alpase > ADP +
. .
.
5
-
RODS + CONES -recoch' myosin head-recovery stone respiration and store of phosphocrea
tin so ATP can regenerate
6 myosin head binds to actin filiment using Aip- cross bridge
-
- myosin headcasesAt
.
·
highlighteninymanprtorsndeeighinensis
pulling actin fillment oor a
·
=>
S
9. acrin myosin cross-bridge -
breaks
·
the remind at me back contains
of the
eye photoreceptors (rods/zones) detects light
of Cat and ATP in muscle contraction
t
how do photoreceptors work ? Roles
lightsensitive pigments : rods (Rhodopsin) and Comes (lodopsin) ca?
"
·
photoreceptors contain =
: Calt is released by sarcoplasmic recilium into sarcoplasm
when pigments absorb light, they undergo a chemical change called bleaching
pomyosintomoves
ca'+ bin
·
a a
expoetoroponinandcause
on
·
during this reaction energy is released providing a stimule to increase the permeability acrin to
of photosystem membranes to Nat
+actin
formation between myosin
Sodiumiontokupogedbymeshdramedstay
va n
·
and to the brain
newone to optic neve
optic neve
= nee
emai
RETINA
Lots
CONES
i
RODS
s arcoplasmic few
recrilium
Light
Como
Libers dorn
apper an ce
diagram I synapses
diameter minne micher
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distribution evenly
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om is mechanism that amplifies a change away
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HOMEOSTASIS ·
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or
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time of day used for dayvision involves maintain internal environment within restricted limits
used for night vision homeostasis = a physiological control systems mat
connectivity many rodsjoin to one each cone joins to one bo
a
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neurone
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sensitivity
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Response to an
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langer hands
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guconeogenes agycogen
rod light falls upon atty ↓ acids + amino acids + glycol
brain can tell whee
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Light
1. ultrafiltration The role of adrenaline :
CONTROL OF RATE >
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conro ·
secreted
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pion
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1 as the
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