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what methodology did Piaget use to study cognitive development naturalistic observation and experimentation what were Piaget's subjects his own children and the children of his colleagues who did Piaget compare his children to scientists the process of taking new information or a new experience and fitting it into an already existing schema assimilation process by which existing schemas are changed or new schemas are created in order to fit new information accomodation frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge schemas the process by which the child changes its mental models of the world to match more closely how the world actually is mental models through cognitive development the child's understanding develops because of maturation and experience at this stage the child learns by doing, looking, touching, sucking. the child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. object permanence appears at about 9 months. age (0-2) sensorimotor at this stage the child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. egocentricism is evident. age (2-7) preoperational at this stage the child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. at age 7-9 children have usually overcome egocentricism. age (7-11) concrete operational at this stage the individual demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and classification. ages (12+) formal operations what is the VOE violation of expectation study expectation violates the idea that the car would be stopped VOE what did the Baillargeon study of object permanence explain/convince the experience showed that the child gazed longer at the possible event, we don't really know why what do the information processing theories explain cognitive development looking at the world from one's own point of view egocentricism attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and a natural phenomena animism operations such as compensation and reversibility are developed at what age about 7 years information-processing and core-knowledge theories are considered what type of theories contemporary theories child as a computer, concerned with the development of domain-general processes. learning, memory, and problem-solving skills. provides detailed description of the steps involved in thinking. hardware and software information-processing approach input-process-output; external stimulus-problem solving-action information processing flexible approaches to solving problems strategies refers to sights, sounds, and other sensations that are just entering the cognitive system and are briefly held in raw form until they are identified sensory memory a workspace in which information from the environment and relevant knowledge are brought together, attended to, and actively processed working memory refers to information retained on an enduring basis long-term memory the process of representing in memory information specific features of objects and events encoding the theory that children have innate cognitive capabilities that are the product of human evolutionary processes. focuses on language, social cognition, biological categorization. children are much more advanced in their thinking than Piaget suggests core-knowledge approach the theory that young children actively organize their understanding of the most important domains naiive theory this theory emphasizes that varied aspects of the child function as a single, integrated whole to produce behavior. it depicts each child as a well-integrated system, in which many subsystems- perceotion, action, attention, memory, language, social interaction, work together to determine behavior dynamic-systems theory in what theory do changes in attention, perception, memory, and motor skills affect a child's understanding dynamic-system theory 3 domains to understanding living things (BPS) biological, psychological, and social baby remember events as early as 2 months evidence of 3 month old infants taught to make a mobile move by kicking their legs Rovee-Collier study of infants memory