AP Psychology: Child Development exam download the latest update with verified solutions

developmental psychology the study of the lifelong, often age related processes of change in the physical, cognitive, moral, emotional, and social domains of functioning; biological mechanisms, interactions what are the age related processes of change rooted in? the genetically controlled _____ _____ and _____ nature vs. nurture, stability vs. change, continuity vs. discontinuity three key issues that help developmental researchers order questions and shape point of view (_____vs. _____, _____vs. _____, and _____vs. _____) nature biological influences nurture environmental influences stability vs. change do individuals stay the same of change and adapt in response to environmental events? (____vs_____) continuous development is _____, a process of gradual growth and change with skills and knowledge added one bit at a time and one skill growing on another discontinuous development is _____, where growth, maturation, and understanding occur at various critical periods and changes appear abruptly Psychoanalytic Approach Developmental Theory that says childhood experiences, esp. before age 6, shape biologically based urges Freud, Erikson people associated with Developmental Theory Behaviorism Developmental Theory that says child's development can proceed in any number of directions depending entirely on his or her unique experiences Cognitive Theory Developmental Theory that says that development occurs in a biologically determined sequence but is a process of adaptation to the world in which a child accommodates to its ever changing demands Piaget Cognitive Theory is mainly associated with this person: _____ information-processing perspective looks closely at processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving in young children vs. older children Cognitive Theory the information-processing perspective is closely associated with which Developmental Theory Ecological Systems Theory Developmental Theory that states that children develop within a system of complex human relationships and that those relationships exist within both immediate environments such as families and neighborhoods and larger environments such as communities, states, and countries cross-sectional research design that compares individuals of different ages to determine how they differ longitudinal research design that studies a specific group of individuals at different ages to examine changes that have occurred over a long period of time zygote fertilized egg embryo the prenatal organism from 5th - 49th day after conception fetus prenatal organism from 8th week after conception to birth prenatal developmental events that occur before birth neonatal events that occur after birth placenta the mass of tissue that is attached to the wall of the uterus and connected to the developing fetus by the umbilical cord, supplies nutrients, eliminates waste products teratogen substance that can produce developmental malformations during prenatal period critical period when a developing child is especially vulnerable primary reflexes unlearned responses to stimuli babinski reflex reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when sole of foot is touches moro reflex reflex in which a newborn stretches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment rooting reflex reflex that causes a newborn to turn the head toward a light touch on lips or cheek sucking reflex reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple is placed in the mouth grasping reflex reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand visual cliff method method used to determine the extent of infants' depth perception biological Piaget asserts that cognitive development depends on interaction between _____ changes that take place within a child and experiences; development follows the same path in all social environments make sense Piaget believed that what changes during development is the child's ability to _____ _____ of experience. scheme a specific mental structure, organized way of interacting with environment and experiencing it assimilation process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors accommodation process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified by adapt to new experiences 0, 2 sensorimotor stage is from # to # years motor coordination, memory, object permanence, walking, talking sensorimotor stage is when child develops: (5) 2-6 preoperational stage lasts from #-# preoperational egocentrism occurs in _____ stage decentration process of changing from self-oriented pov to one that recognizes others' feelings, ides, viewpoints 6, 12 concrete operational stage lasts from # to ## concrete operational stage cognitive developmental stage in which child can understand constant factors, rules, and higher-order symbolic systems conservation ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way and remain the same in number, weight, substance, or volume concrete operational stage in which child understands conservation