social cognition exam 3 study guide with verified solutions already graded A+

what defines an attitude specific cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. what are the functions of attitudes? they can predict behavior and other future behaviors which age group tends to have the strongest attitudes? middle-aged adults characteristics of important attitudes 1.) directly affect their own self interest 2.) related to deeply held psychological, physical, and religious values 3.) are of concern with their close friends, family, and social in-group. what are dual attitudes? automatic: older attitudes explicitly accessible: newer attitudes which predominates: depends on the method of expression (the older attitudes may pop out unaware when one responds automatically or under cognitive load. balance theory describes structures in the perceiver's mind representing the perceiver (P), another person (O), and the mutual attitude object (X). dissonancy theory focus on how inconsistency among cognitions causes a motivational state (dissonance) directed toward resolving that inconsistency. balanced and imbalanced relationships stored in memory balanced relationships are stored in memory as a single unit, imbalanced memory is not. self-perception theory a model of how people infer their own attitudes from their behavior and situational forces. when are people more likely to engage in systemic processing vs use heuristics systematic: when it needs to be thoughtful & effortful, which involves evaluating the pros and cons of a message's argument heuristics: thoughtful process will only occur when given sufficient motivation and capacity; otherwise people will use fast, easy cognitive shortcuts. elaboration likelihood model (EML) a dual process model of attitude change, describes two routes persuasion: (1) the central route vis thoughtful evaluation of massage arguments (2) the peripheral route, via relatively automatic use of superficial cues. implicit measure predict which behaviors? they predict future implicit behavior based on current ones need for cognition refers to people's chronic level of thoughtfulness in response to external stimuli. central route of persuasion (more likely to be used when people are careful thinking) describes the elaboration likelihood model's deliberate thoughtful mode of persuasion, evaluating the merits of argument pro and con. peripheral route of persuasion (more likely to be used without much thought or elaboration) describes the elaboration likelihood model's rapid, effortless route to persuasion, occurring without much thought or elaboration. social categorization the way we categorize different kinds of people often according to their personalities. (exaggerated in outgrip settings) (minimized in in-group settings). how does discrimination relate to self-esteem? individuals who experience discriminatory events are more likely to devaluate themselves and report low-self esteem. if discrimination is toward an outgroup member their state. self esteem will elevate outgrip homogeneity effect the tendency for people to view in-group members as more diverse than outgrip members. (because we have more contact with in-group members compared to our limited contact with outgroup members.) social identity theory and how it relates to social dominance theory: social identity theory: (SIT) proposes that people interact along a continuum from interpersonal to intergroup identities. social dominance theory: (SDT) argues that group hierarchies are. universal and even evolutionary adaptive in societies, some group inevitably dominate others, & stable hierarchies regulate pointless conflict relate: have to do with self definition and intergroup identities due to hierarchies Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) is an individual difference ideology that endorses conventional values, obedience to leaders, aggression towards nonconformists, and derogating outgroups. system justification theory and social dominance theory system justification theory: people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions (aim to protect the status quo) social dominance theory: (SDT) argues that group hierarchies are. universal and even evolutionary adaptive in societies, some group inevitably dominate others, & stable hierarchies regulate pointless conflict differences/legitimizing myths between both: (SDT) aims to keep groups in their respective places DONT HAVE TO PROTECT IT (beliefs and ideologies support the status quo). multicultural perspective and how it relates to stereotyping: multiculturalism: endorses the idea that groups differ in essential ways and that organizations should value those essential differences. stereotypes: are the cognitive side of intergroup bias, beliefs about group similar: beliefs about a group= organizations should values those essential differences cognitive effects of interracial interactions use up mental energy, especially after interracial interactions from different races, which might leave you feeling mentally drained difference between animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization animalistic dehumanization: applies to outgroups based on ethnicity, immigration status, or disability. mechanistic dehumanization: applies to some medical treatment of patients and to the objectification of women. what is the strongest predictor of discrimination? a specific intergroup emotion that comes from a specific appraisal (stereotype) and creates specific emotional action tendencies (discrimination). which emotions make people serotype more/less: more: (emotional prejudice) angry moods make people stereotype more, in accord with common sense. less: sad moods, although negative make people stereotype less because they think harder. why does intergroup contact not tend to reduce sexism? because men and women are not often of equal status. how does ambivalent sexism predict positive vs. negative stereotypes of traditional women & nontraditional women? a from of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate an chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings. difference between descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes: descriptive stereotype: specify what a group allegedly is. prescriptive stereotypes: describe what a group should be. self categorization theory (SCT) proposes that people identify with a group will actually behave more like other in-group members. from a cognitive perspective, self-categorization theory makes the point that the self is not fixed but depends on the salient intergroup context. EX.) white person vs. minorities// student vs. professor