PSYC 2301 FINAL EXAM REVIEWS
AND ANSWERS
Factors that Influence symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER--
Individual differences/personality
- Cultural differences
- Situational factors
- Stress
- Mood
Schema (illness representation) - CORRECT ANSWER-A
patients own beliefs about their illnesses; what they know about
their disease/symptoms - helps them to explain.
Five components of illness schemas - CORRECT ANSWER--
Identity (label)
- Consequences
- Causes
- Duration
- Cure
Models of illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Most individuals have
3 models of illness:
- Acute illness
- Chronic illness
- Cyclic illness
,Acute illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacterial or viral, short
duration.
E.g. standard cold or flu; lasts a couple of weeks and then it is
gone.
Chronic illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Multi-factorial, long
duration. Usually have for life; no clear cure.
E.g. Diabetes
Cyclic illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Alternating period of
activity - being sick, and then being well, etc.
Interpretation of symptoms - additional influencers - CORRECT
ANSWER-- Lay referral network - input from friends, family,
peers
- Internet - background info, lifestyle modification
Predictors of Health Service Users - CORRECT ANSWER--
Age
- Gender
- Socio-economic status (SES)
- Culture
- Social psychological
Age - CORRECT ANSWER-- Newborns use the system during
birth
- Children/teens use it less (generally healthy)
- Late adulthood - health complications start; access of system
increases
- Elderly - use the system the most
Gender - CORRECT ANSWER-- Women use the system more
than men
- Women give birth, are more prone to seeking help, more
proactive, etc.
,Socio-economic status (SES) - CORRECT ANSWER-- High
SES = less use of system, more use of specialists
- Low SeS = high use of system, less use of specialists
Culture - CORRECT ANSWER-- Visible minorities use the
system more; less use of specialists
- Ethnics made 4 + visits
- Linguistic barriers - seen a lot in Canada
- Perceived quality of care
Social Psychological - CORRECT ANSWER-- Individual
attitude/beliefs about symptoms and health care (if you think
negatively about the system, you are most likely going to have
a negative experience; negative thinking)
- Health belief model predictors:
1. Perceived threat to health - perception of severity influences
help seeking
2. Belief of efficacy of intervention - knowing that there is a
clear treatment will increase likeliness to seek help. Not
knowing decreases likeliness.
Misuse of Health Services - CORRECT ANSWER-Instances
where the system is used incorrectly:
- Physical symptoms associated with emotional disturbances
- Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers
- Worried well individuals
- Somatacizers
- Secondary gains
Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers - CORRECT
ANSWER-o University students' disease
o Inappropriate assessment by patient (physician vs. specialist)
o Limited access - quicker/easier to see a doctor for physical
health than a psychologist/psychotherapist for mental health
, Worried well individuals - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals who
place over emphasis on symptoms due to heightened self-care;
use system a lot for small things.
Somatacizers - CORRECT ANSWER-People who express
symptoms after personal or emotional insult; expressing
physical symptoms from overwhelming change in your life.
E.g. getting dumped and feeling like crap
Secondary gains - CORRECT ANSWER-Downstream benefits
arising form the illness, such as:
- Time off/rest
- Removal from responsibilities
- Medical (physical ability limited) vs. psychological symptoms
(PTSD, resulting in reassignment for work)
Delay Behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER-Patients live with one
or more potentially serious symptoms without proper care.
- Delay = time between recognition and treatment.
Types of Delay Behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER-Composed
of several time periods:
- Appraisal delay
- Illness delay
- Behavioural delay
- Medical delay
- Treatment delay
- Provider delay
Appraisal delay - CORRECT ANSWER-Symptom is serious.
- The time from noticing the symptom and believed it is serious.
Illness delay - CORRECT ANSWER-Symptom implies an
illness.
How long it takes you to believe that it is an actual illness.
AND ANSWERS
Factors that Influence symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER--
Individual differences/personality
- Cultural differences
- Situational factors
- Stress
- Mood
Schema (illness representation) - CORRECT ANSWER-A
patients own beliefs about their illnesses; what they know about
their disease/symptoms - helps them to explain.
Five components of illness schemas - CORRECT ANSWER--
Identity (label)
- Consequences
- Causes
- Duration
- Cure
Models of illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Most individuals have
3 models of illness:
- Acute illness
- Chronic illness
- Cyclic illness
,Acute illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacterial or viral, short
duration.
E.g. standard cold or flu; lasts a couple of weeks and then it is
gone.
Chronic illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Multi-factorial, long
duration. Usually have for life; no clear cure.
E.g. Diabetes
Cyclic illness - CORRECT ANSWER-Alternating period of
activity - being sick, and then being well, etc.
Interpretation of symptoms - additional influencers - CORRECT
ANSWER-- Lay referral network - input from friends, family,
peers
- Internet - background info, lifestyle modification
Predictors of Health Service Users - CORRECT ANSWER--
Age
- Gender
- Socio-economic status (SES)
- Culture
- Social psychological
Age - CORRECT ANSWER-- Newborns use the system during
birth
- Children/teens use it less (generally healthy)
- Late adulthood - health complications start; access of system
increases
- Elderly - use the system the most
Gender - CORRECT ANSWER-- Women use the system more
than men
- Women give birth, are more prone to seeking help, more
proactive, etc.
,Socio-economic status (SES) - CORRECT ANSWER-- High
SES = less use of system, more use of specialists
- Low SeS = high use of system, less use of specialists
Culture - CORRECT ANSWER-- Visible minorities use the
system more; less use of specialists
- Ethnics made 4 + visits
- Linguistic barriers - seen a lot in Canada
- Perceived quality of care
Social Psychological - CORRECT ANSWER-- Individual
attitude/beliefs about symptoms and health care (if you think
negatively about the system, you are most likely going to have
a negative experience; negative thinking)
- Health belief model predictors:
1. Perceived threat to health - perception of severity influences
help seeking
2. Belief of efficacy of intervention - knowing that there is a
clear treatment will increase likeliness to seek help. Not
knowing decreases likeliness.
Misuse of Health Services - CORRECT ANSWER-Instances
where the system is used incorrectly:
- Physical symptoms associated with emotional disturbances
- Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers
- Worried well individuals
- Somatacizers
- Secondary gains
Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers - CORRECT
ANSWER-o University students' disease
o Inappropriate assessment by patient (physician vs. specialist)
o Limited access - quicker/easier to see a doctor for physical
health than a psychologist/psychotherapist for mental health
, Worried well individuals - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals who
place over emphasis on symptoms due to heightened self-care;
use system a lot for small things.
Somatacizers - CORRECT ANSWER-People who express
symptoms after personal or emotional insult; expressing
physical symptoms from overwhelming change in your life.
E.g. getting dumped and feeling like crap
Secondary gains - CORRECT ANSWER-Downstream benefits
arising form the illness, such as:
- Time off/rest
- Removal from responsibilities
- Medical (physical ability limited) vs. psychological symptoms
(PTSD, resulting in reassignment for work)
Delay Behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER-Patients live with one
or more potentially serious symptoms without proper care.
- Delay = time between recognition and treatment.
Types of Delay Behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER-Composed
of several time periods:
- Appraisal delay
- Illness delay
- Behavioural delay
- Medical delay
- Treatment delay
- Provider delay
Appraisal delay - CORRECT ANSWER-Symptom is serious.
- The time from noticing the symptom and believed it is serious.
Illness delay - CORRECT ANSWER-Symptom implies an
illness.
How long it takes you to believe that it is an actual illness.
