GEOGRAPHY NOTE BOOKLET GRADE 10 - 11
Name of learner: _________________________________________
Teacher: ___________________________________
1
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
,Authors note:
Good day. Thank you for opting to use my material for your teaching process, I hope it will help you as
much to yield good results at the end of each term and year.
Please note that this note booklet is prepared according to the author’s knowledge capacity and therefore
may not be a 100% to everyone. I therefore apologize for the inconveniences this might cause, and I
advise that you edit the where necessary as to your preferences and knowledge to suit your teaching and
learners appropriately. Please feel free to contact the author if you wish to correct the content in this note
booklet, your suggestions and amendments will openly be considered.
If you have any queries, please feel free and don’t hesitate to contact the author on the contact details
provided below. I am open to positive comments, compliments and corrections for improvement and to
build a developmental teaching relationship among us. Negative remarks and personal attacks will
however not be entertained, lets learn to be positive and improve our teaching as a collective unit. Team
work is only way to elevate.
I wish you well in your teachings!
Thank you!
Christof Mbango
+264 817760851
2
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
,The earth’s structure
The earth costs of three layers
❖ Crust
This is the outer shell of rock, forms the surface we live about 40km thick
❖ Mantle
The layer beneath the crust. Near the crust is solid, but deeper down is a hot, thick liquid or
molten state.
❖ Core
Divided into outer core and inner core.
Outer core is very dense but molten while inner core is a solid ball formed mainly or iron and
it is extremely hot.
Plate tectonic
Is the movement of plates.
What is a plate?
Plate is the large section of the earth crust that moves at a certain direction. Plates can either be
an ocean (oceanic plate) or a continent or on land (continental plate). Each plate has a border or
the edges known as plate boundaries.
3
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
, Causes of plate movement
Plates move because of convectional currents (force) in the mantel.
Types of plate boundaries
Constructive (divergent) boundaries
Two plates diverge or pull apart or moving away from each other. This causes a rift valley (on
continent) or ocean ridge (on the ocean floor). Volcano occurs in these boundaries.
Destructive (convergent) boundary
This occur when plates collide or converge (come together). This may result in an earthquake or
volcano o*r both at the same time.
It can happen in two ways:
- Two continental plates collide (converge)
E.g. Indo-Australian and Eurasia plate. Sediments pushed up to form fold mountains e.g.
Himalaya mountain in India.
-A continental and oceanic plate converge
E.g. Nazca and South American plates.
The heavier oceanic crust sinks below continental crust into, magma of a mantel to form deep
sea trench. Where the plate bends into the mantel, a subduction zone is formed. Volcano and
earthquake takes plate.
4
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
Name of learner: _________________________________________
Teacher: ___________________________________
1
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
,Authors note:
Good day. Thank you for opting to use my material for your teaching process, I hope it will help you as
much to yield good results at the end of each term and year.
Please note that this note booklet is prepared according to the author’s knowledge capacity and therefore
may not be a 100% to everyone. I therefore apologize for the inconveniences this might cause, and I
advise that you edit the where necessary as to your preferences and knowledge to suit your teaching and
learners appropriately. Please feel free to contact the author if you wish to correct the content in this note
booklet, your suggestions and amendments will openly be considered.
If you have any queries, please feel free and don’t hesitate to contact the author on the contact details
provided below. I am open to positive comments, compliments and corrections for improvement and to
build a developmental teaching relationship among us. Negative remarks and personal attacks will
however not be entertained, lets learn to be positive and improve our teaching as a collective unit. Team
work is only way to elevate.
I wish you well in your teachings!
Thank you!
Christof Mbango
+264 817760851
2
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
,The earth’s structure
The earth costs of three layers
❖ Crust
This is the outer shell of rock, forms the surface we live about 40km thick
❖ Mantle
The layer beneath the crust. Near the crust is solid, but deeper down is a hot, thick liquid or
molten state.
❖ Core
Divided into outer core and inner core.
Outer core is very dense but molten while inner core is a solid ball formed mainly or iron and
it is extremely hot.
Plate tectonic
Is the movement of plates.
What is a plate?
Plate is the large section of the earth crust that moves at a certain direction. Plates can either be
an ocean (oceanic plate) or a continent or on land (continental plate). Each plate has a border or
the edges known as plate boundaries.
3
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
, Causes of plate movement
Plates move because of convectional currents (force) in the mantel.
Types of plate boundaries
Constructive (divergent) boundaries
Two plates diverge or pull apart or moving away from each other. This causes a rift valley (on
continent) or ocean ridge (on the ocean floor). Volcano occurs in these boundaries.
Destructive (convergent) boundary
This occur when plates collide or converge (come together). This may result in an earthquake or
volcano o*r both at the same time.
It can happen in two ways:
- Two continental plates collide (converge)
E.g. Indo-Australian and Eurasia plate. Sediments pushed up to form fold mountains e.g.
Himalaya mountain in India.
-A continental and oceanic plate converge
E.g. Nazca and South American plates.
The heavier oceanic crust sinks below continental crust into, magma of a mantel to form deep
sea trench. Where the plate bends into the mantel, a subduction zone is formed. Volcano and
earthquake takes plate.
4
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
